求关于信用卡的英文文献或著作要求:作者、年份、部分摘要或主题_百度作业帮
拍照搜题，秒出答案
求关于信用卡的英文文献或著作要求:作者、年份、部分摘要或主题
求关于信用卡的英文文献或著作要求:作者、年份、部分摘要或主题
1.Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory Thomas L.Sporleder,Robert R.Wilson American Journal of Agricultural Economics,Vol.56,No.1 (Feb.,1974),pp.129-134 Abstract:This article treats the theoretical consequences of consumer credit card use.A delayed repayment model provides consumer optimization and indifference conditions between cash and credit card transactions.Under realistic interest and opportunity cost rates,consumers can rationally let a balance revolve about 39 percent of the time and maintain indifference over time.Key words: marketing.2.Credit Cards and Interest Rates:Theory and Institutional Factors Robert F.Stauffer Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,Vol.26,No.2 (Winter,),pp.289-301 Published by:M.E.Sharpe,Inc.3 The Effect of Credit on Spending Decisions:The Role of the Credit Limit and Credibility Dilip Soman and Amar Cheema Marketing Science,Vol.21,No.1 (Winter,2002),pp.32-53 Published by:INFORMS Abstract The objective of the present research is to study consumer decisions to utilize a line of credit.The life-cycle hypothesis from economics argues that consumers should intertemporally reallocate their incomes over their life stream to maximize lifetime utility.One form of intertemporal allocation is to use past income (in the form of savings) in the future.A second form is the use of future income in the present.This can only be done if consumers have access to a temporary pool of money that they can draw from and replenish in the future-a function performed by consumer credit.However,our research reinforces prior findings that consumers are unable to correctly value their future incomes,and that they lack the cognitive capability to solve the intertemporal optimization problem required by the life-cycle hypothesis.Instead,we argue that consumers use information such as the credit limit as a signal of their future earnings potential.Specifically,if consumers have access to large amounts of credit,they are likely to infer that their lifetime income will be high and hence their willingness to use credit (and their spending) will also be high.Conversely,consumers who are granted lower amounts of credit are likely to infer that their lifetime income will be low and hence their spending will be lower.However,based on research in the area of consumer skepticism and inference making,we also argue for a moderating role of the credibility associated with the credit limit.Specifically,we argue that the above effect of credit availability would be particularly strong for consumers who believe that the credit limit credibly signals their future earnings potential (i.e.,a naive consumer who has limited experience with consumer credit).However,as consumers gain experience with credit,they start discounting credit availability as a predictor of their future and start questioning the validity of the process used to set the credit limit.Hence,with experience the effect of credit limit on the willingness to use credit should be attenuated.We test these predictions in five separate studies.In the first experimental study,we manipulate credit limit and credibility and pose subjects with a hypothetical purchase opportunity.Consistent with our prediction,credit limit impacted the propensity to spend,but only when the credibility was high.In the second experimental study,we rep- MARKETING SCIENCE 2002 INFORMS Vol.21,No.1,Winter 2002,pp.32-53 licate these findings even when subjects were given information about their expected future salaries,and also show that the credit limit influences their expectation of future earnings potential.In the third study,we show that the mere availability (and increase) of current liquidity cannot explain our findings.In the fourth study,we conduct a survey of consumers in which we measure a number of demographic characteristics and also ask them for their propensity to spend in a given purchase situation.In the fifth study we use the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) dataset,a triennial survey of U.S.families that is designed to provide detailed information on the use of financial services,spending behaviors,and selected demographic characteristics.Results from both studies 4 and 5 provide further support for our proposed framework-credit limits influence spending to a greater extent for consumers with lower credibility:younger consumers and less-educated consumers.Across all studies we achieved triangulation by using a variety of approaches (surveys and experiments),subjects types (young students and older consumers),nature of predictor variables (manipulated and measured),dependent measures (purchase likelihood,credit card balance,new charges),and methods of analysis (ANOVA and regression),and consistently found that increasing credit limits on a credit card increases spending,especially when the credibility of the limit is high.This paper joins a growing body of literature in marketing and behavioral decision theory that goes beyond the traditional domains of inquiry (e.g.,product choice,effects of marketing mix variables) and focuses on consumer decisions relating to the appropriate use of income to finance consumption.Our framework differs from prior research on the effect of payment mechanisms on spending in two significant ways.First,we are interested in the effects of the availability of credit on spending,and not necessarily in the effect of the transaction format that is associated with each payment mechanism.Second,while prior research has studied the point-of-purchase and historic (i.e.,prepurchase) effects of credit,the present research is concerned with the availability of credit in the future.Specifically,our framework is invariant to the current and prior usage of credit by the consumer.(Consumer C Credit C Intertemporal C Mental A Self-Control) 涓嶅?鐨勮瘽鍚变竴澹
您可能关注的推广回答者：求英文文献的查找及文献综述？
求英文文献的查找及文献综述？
09-09-22 & 发布
文献综述一、文献综述文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。综述的目的是反映某一课题的新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现。从其历史到现状，存在问题以及发展趋势等，都要进行全面的介绍和评论。在此基础上提出自己的见解，预测技术的发展趋势，为选题和开题奠定良好的基础。二、文献综述的格式文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，提出自己的见解并对进一步的发展方向做出预测。参考文献，因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且也为评审者审查提供查找线索。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法，录著项目及格式与研究论文相同，不再重复。三、文献综述规定1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号&[ ]&括起来置于引用词的右上角。6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。四、注意事项 ⒈ 搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。⒉ 注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。⒊ 引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。⒋ 参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
请登录后再发表评论!
改革开放新的历史时期，社会生活的巨大变革使这一时期中国戏曲走出低谷。困境中的戏曲开始全方位革新，探索新的出路。国家花大量的钱扶植传统戏曲，但中国戏曲仍困难重重，前途茫茫找不到出路。老百姓宁愿选择电视和其它娱乐方式而远离戏曲。症结不在于社会多元化，娱乐形式多元化，是戏曲首先选择了抛弃最广大的人民群众，一张门票高达几百元，戏曲界追求所谓的“贵族化，舞台美术、道具、服装、音乐、灯光趋于奢华，太长的排演期，过分的追求形式，中国戏曲越来越呈现出“小众艺术”的趋向。这种戏剧已经不是为老百姓服务的。或者说不是为最广大的普通老百姓服务的！脱离观众，使得戏曲重新成为了少数人欣赏的贵族艺术。这当中，动辄耗费上百万，甚至几百万的舞美设备、灯光、音响，舞台美术起着推波助谰的作用。过于超前的消费把观众挡在了艺术的殿堂大门之外。 　　如果说，人类物质与精神生活的需要是设计的动力，那么科学技术的发展就是设计的基础。在市场经济大潮中，在社会大舞台上显示身手，中国戏曲要寻求发展的空间，重要的条件之一就是舞台美术设计观念的更新，中国戏曲在艺术上既有共同风格，又有丰富多采的艺术表现能力和千差万别的艺术个性。它从来就不是保守的，而是随着时代的发展而不断革新。而这种革新的标志就是重视科技与设计的关系。而这种物质与精神的辩证关系，正是设计及舞台美术设计的规律之一。这是万万不能忽视的。 　　戏剧是以表演艺术为主导的，而表演的核心就是动作。对戏曲来说，就是载歌载舞的程式化动作。我们在考察舞台美术的功能时，必须紧紧围绕戏曲动作这一中心环节来研究舞台美术与动作的各个方面关系，并且着眼于各要素间相辅而成的综合关系，做总体考察。这就是“软科学”的审视方法。时代在变迁，社会生活在变化，人们的思想观念、审美观念也在不断地更新。有着深厚传统的戏曲艺术，当然可以按照原有的艺术形态保留、承传下来，精益求精，让当代与后世的观众去欣赏古典的&美&，去感受过去时代的人与事，去认识历史。它关系到我国整个的民族文化事业，更关系到我国民族的根，民族的繁荣昌盛。寻求一种形式上的突破，对戏曲艺术的发展、创新有所建树，也是我们这代人义不容辞的历史责任。我们不能仅仅因为自身的观念上的偏失而丧失了观众的欣赏热情，从而坐失中国戏曲事业发展的机遇。
请登录后再发表评论!问题补充&&
关外文文献已发送邮箱，翻译得靠你自己了，能帮到你，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，翻译没有，多多给点悬赏分吧，希望能满足你的需要，急用的话请多选赏点分吧
sunrise17 &
•回答
•回答
•回答
•回答
•回答
把php手册里面的东西摘抄一点不就行了
去GITHUB 上找找吧 , 上面都是些开源项目
猜你感兴趣
服务声明： 信息来源于互联网，不保证内容的可靠性、真实性及准确性，仅供参考，版权归原作者所有！Copyright &
Powered by&& 查看话题
求助英文文献的具体格式是什么意思
期刊，如：Y.L.Yeh,C.Zhang,H.B.Held,A.M.Mebel,X.Wei,S.H.Lin,andY.R.Shen,J.Chem.Phys.114,).
这时化学物理学报的投稿文献要求，只知道有作者，后边不太清楚是什么，下的文献中也不太清楚，那位大神知道啊，急需,谢谢啦！
Y.L.Yeh,C.Zhang,H.B.Held,A.M.Mebel,X.Wei,S.H.Lin,andY.R.Shen作者姓名
J.Chem.Phys.期刊名
(2001)年份
如果化学物理学报有参考文献模板可以下载的话用参考文献软件（比方说endnote，noteexpress）导入后就不用你自己写了 这个是你引用文章的方式，2楼已经说的很详细了。 一个文献管理软件还是必须的
测试公式输入
\ 文献中各部分的含义一楼已经说得很清楚了，这里做一些应用补充。
如果你是想在你的文章中引用这篇文献，要是搞不清楚投稿杂志要求的格式，那么建议你使用Ennote之类的软件，常见杂志的格式里面都有的。
如果你是想下载这篇文献，那么仅有作者姓名，文献的期卷号以及发表年份就已经足够了。