Book types
Related topics
Early career researchers
Authors’ Update
Reviewers' Update
Industries
Special offers
UsernamePassword
Register your interests and receive email alerts tailored to your needs
May–June 2015David W. Dunham | Robert W. Farquhar | Michel Loucks | Craig E. Roberts | Dennis Wingo | Keith L. Cowing | Leonard N. Garcia | Tim Craychee | Craig Nickel | Anthony Ford | Marco Colleluori | David C. Folta | Jon D. Giorgini | Edward Nace | John E. Spohr | William Dove | Nathan Mogk | Roberto Furfaro | Warren L. MartinIn 1978, the 3rd International Sun–Earth Explorer (ISEE-3) became the first libration-point mission, about the Sun–Earth L1 point. Four years later, a complex series of lunar swingbys and small propulsive...May–June 2015Peter Suedfeld | Jelena Brcic | Phyllis J. Johnson | Vadim GushinCoping is a dynamic physiological and psychological process in response to perceived environmental stress that functions to restore physiological homeostasis and reduce negative affect [1]. Thematic...May–June 2015Boris E. Paton | Leonid M. Lobanov | Valentin S. VolkovThe brief review of design solutions for existing transformable-volume structures (TVS) is given and main approaches are formulated for optimizing the metal transformable shell structures, allowing...May–June 2015Simon Tardivel | Yu Takahashi | Aline K. Zimmer | Jonathan F.C. Herman | Johannes P.J. Reijneveld | Kathryn L. Dunlop | Daniel J. ScheeresThis paper outlines the strategic approach to realize a human mission to an asteroid, focusing specifically on the proximity operations. The risks and challenges posed by asteroid surfaces to in-situ...May–June 2015Rong-yu Sun | Jin-wei Zhan | Chang-yin Zhao | Xiao-xiang ZhangThe GEO region is a kind of unique and precious resource, it is of great importance to prevent space debris collisions in this region. Surveying space debris in GEO and extracting the relevant information...May–June 2015Zhan Zhong | Zhenguo Wang | Mingbo SunThe compositions of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels in cooling channels of regenerative cooled scramjet engines change along with fuel cracking. To investigate the effect of fuel compositions variation...April–May 2015Rasool Erfani | Hossein Zare-Behtash | Craig Hale | Konstantinos KontisPlasma actuators are electrical devices that generate a wall bounded jet without the use of any moving parts. For aerodynamic applications they can be used as flow control devices to delay separation...April–May 2015Xiaolin Ning | Panpan Huang | Jiancheng Fang | Gang Liu | Shuzhi Sam GeCelestial navigation (CeleNav) has been successfully used during gravity assist (GA) flyby for orbit determination in many deep space missions. Due to spacecraft attitude errors, ephemeris errors, the...April–May 2015L. Dell?Elce | G. KerschenOptimization of fuel consumption is a key driver in the design of spacecraft maneuvers. For this reason, growing interest in propellant-free maneuvers is observed in the literature. Because it allows...April–May 2015Yongkang Shi | Chao HanFor out-of-plane relative equilibrium of a two-spacecraft formation achieved by internal forces, this paper proposes a scheme which complies with the characteristics of angular momentum conservation...April–May 2015Marcello Remedia | Guglielmo S. Aglietti | Guy RichardsonThe term “microvibrations” generally refers to accelerations in the region of micro-g, occurring over a wide frequency range, up to say 500–1000Hz. The main issues related to microvibrations are their...April–May 2015Junhong Liu | Defeng Gu | Bing Ju | Yuwang Lai | Dongyun YiA method of estimating the relative clocks between two spaceborne global positioning system (GPS) receivers based on the single-difference (SD) observations is investigated in this paper. Especially,...April–May 2015Tai Jin | Kun Luo | Shuqiang Lu | Jianren FanIn this study, a systematic assessment of turbulent combustion submodels of conditional moment closure (CMC) has been conducted using DNS data of a three-dimensional spatially-developing supersonic...April–May 2015Lourens Visagie | Vaios Lappas | Sven ErbThe prudence for satellites to have a mitigation or deorbiting strategy has been brought about by the ever increasing amount of debris in Earth orbit. Drag augmentation is a potentially passive method...April–May 2015Andrew F.J. Abercromby | Johnny Conkin | Michael L. GernhardtNASA?s plans for future human exploration missions utilize a new atmosphere of 56.5kPa (8.2psia), 34% O2, 66% N2 to enable rapid extravehicular activity (EVA) capability wit however,...April–May 2015Takaya Inamori | Yasutaka Satou | Yoshiki Sugawara | Hiroyuki OhsakiAn increasing number of satellites is presently utilizing extensible and deployable large area structures after launch, while in orbit. A deployment and retracting method using an electromagnetic force...April–May 2015Tristan Tzschichholz | Toralf Boge | Klaus SchillingRendezvous & Docking to passive objects, as of relevance for space debris removal, raises new challenges with respect to relative navigation. Whenever the position and orientation (pose) of an object...April–May 2015Abraham M. Leigh | Jonathan T. BlackA dynamic differential correction algorithm is presented to deliver an impulsive maneuver to a satellite to place it within overlapping spheres, with user defined radii, centered around multiple non-maneuvering...April–May 2015R. Ansari | M.A. Ashrafi | T. Pourashraf | S. SahmaniThe buckling and vibration responses of nanoplates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to thermal loading are studied in prebuckling domain with considering the effect of surface...March–April 2015Andreas Hornig | Maren HomeisterIn the current wake of mission plans to the Moon and to Earth–Moon Libration points (EML) by several agencies and organizations, TYCHO identifies the key role of telecommunication provision for the...March–April 2015Xiao-yan Yu | Li ChenThe velocity observer based adaptive control of flexible-joint free-floating space manipulators with parametric uncertainties and modeling errors is addressed. First, the dynamical model of a free-floating...March–April 2015Harijono DjojodihardjoThe application of BE–FE acoustic-structure interaction on a structure subject to acoustic load is elaborated using the boundary element–finite element acoustic structural coupling and the utilization...March–April 2015Dana G. Andrews | K.D. Bonner | A.W. Butterworth | H.R. Calvert | B.R.H. Dagang | K.J. Dimond | L.G. Eckenroth | J.M. Erickson | B.A. Gilbertson | N.R. Gompertz | O.J. Igbinosun | T.J. Ip | B.H. Khan | S.L. Marquez | N.M. Neilson | C.O. Parker | E.H. Ransom | B.W. Reeve | T.L. Robinson | M. Rogers | P.M. Schuh | C.J. Tom | S.E. Wall | N. Watanabe | C.J. YooThis paper summarizes a commercial Asteroid Mining Architecture synthesized by the Senior Space Design Class at the University of Washington in Winter/Spring Quarters of 2013. The main author was the...March–April 2015Hongbo Wang | Zhenguo Wang | Mingbo Sun | Ning QinLarge eddy simulation (LES) has been carried out to investigate a hydrogen-fueled scramjet combustor with dual cavity, where a Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model is used for near-wall treatment....March–April 2015C. Roger White | Tao Yu | Kiran Gupta | Stephen K. Babitz | Leland L. Black | Janusz H. Kabarowski | Dennis F. KucikEpidemiological studies have established that radiation from a number of terrestrial sources increases the risk of atherosclerosis. The accelerated heavy ions in the galacto-cosmic radiation (GCR) that...March–April 2015V.D. Zakharchenko | I.G. Kovalenko | O.V. PakRadiolocation methods of probing minor celestial bodies (asteroids) by the nanosecond pulses can be used for monitoring of near-Earth space with the purpose of identification of hazardous cosmic objects...March–April 2015Feng Ding | Chi-bing Shen | Jun Liu | Wei HuangThis study investigates the influence of the surface pressure distribution of a basic flow field on the shapes and performances of waveriders. First, three axisymmetric basic flow fields having different...March–April 2015Adam Okninski | Blazej Marciniak | Bartosz Bartkowiak | Damian Kaniewski | Jan Matyszewski | Jan Kindracki | Piotr WolanskiThis paper gives an overview of the Amelia small rocket program, developed to build low cost, reusable CanSat launchers and enable the construction of sounding rockets in Poland in the near future....March–April 2015Henri Sohier | Helene Piet-Lahanier | Jean-Loup FargesIn an air-launch-to-orbit, a space rocket is launched from a carrier aircraft. Air-launch-to-orbit appears as particularly interesting for nano- and microsatellites which are generally launched as secondary...March–April 2015Eva Anglada | I?aki GarmendiaThe design of the thermal control system of space vehicles, needed to maintain the equipment components into their admissible range of temperatures, is usually developed by means of thermal mathematical...March–April 2015Jianwei Mo | Jinglei Xu | Zhibin Quan | Kaikai Yu | Zheng LvDramatic differences in lift and pitching moment of a scramjet nozzle are inevitably produced when its inlet is nonuniform. A rotational method of characteristics computer program which takes into account...March–April 2015Yi-Wei ChangIn order to provide a basis for assessing the future prospects and challenges of space tourism, this paper begins with a brief overview of the history of space tourism. This is followed by a discussion...March–April 2015Angelo Cervone | Alexandru Mancas | Barry ZandbergenIn the current and future trend towards smaller satellite missions, the development of a simple and reliable propulsion system with performance and characteristics in line with the typical requirements...February–March 2015Benjamin Kading | Jeremy StraubThis paper presents a manned Mars mission, which is based on the use of in-situ resources for the fabrication of structures. First, it provides an overview of the two-phase mission. In phase one, robotic...February–March 2015Yufei Xu | He Liao | Lei Liu | Yue WangThis paper presents the modeling and robust H∞ control of a novel ultra-quiet spacecraft which employs the non-contact Stewart platform to actively control its support module (SM) and payload module...February–March 2015José Antonio Vilán Vilán | Fernando Aguado Agelet | Miguel López Estévez | Alberto González Mui?oThe aim of this article is to announce the results for the antenna deployment mechanism on the Cubesat [1,4] Xatcobeo picosatellite which launched on 13th February, 2012 from the Kourou space port aboard...February–March 2015P. Baiocco | G. Ramusat | A. Sirbi | Th. Bouilly | F. Lavelle | T. Cardone | H. Fischer | S. AppelIn the framework of the next generation launcher activity at ESA, a top-down approach and a bottom-up approach have been performed for the identification of promising technologies and alternative conception...February–March 2015Dahai Luo | Chao Yan | Xiaoyong WangSeparation commonly exists in the flows around flight vehicles and also in the internal combustor flows. Simulation of high-speed turbulent-separated flows using a reliable computational design tool...February–March 2015Qingwei Wang | Shujun Tan | Zhigang Wu | Yunfei Yang | Ziwen YuAn improved modelling method for Pogo analysis and simulation is presented which derives differential equations instead of the differential-algebraic equations by Rubin?s method. Firstly the classification...February–March 2015Isabelle Dicaire | Ryoko Nakamura | Yoshihisa Arikawa | Kazuyuki Okada | Takamasa Itahashi | Leopold SummererThis paper investigates potential space options for mitigating the impact of tropical cyclones on cities and civilians. Ground-based techniques combined with space-based remote sensing instrumentation...February–March 2015Khashayar Parsay | Hanspeter SchaubExploration of the Earth?s magnetosphere using solar sails has advantages over the use of traditional spacecraft in inertially fixed orbits because of the solar sails? capability to stay in the geomagnetic...February–March 2015James Richard ForbesSpacecraft attitude control in the presence of actuator saturation is considered. The attitude controller developed has two components: a proportional component and an angular velocity component. The...February–March 2015Ramesh B. Malla | Kevin M. BrownThe ambient environmental factors present on the lunar surface pose some of the most difficult challenges for the success of a long-term human settlement on the Moon. Aside from the dangerous radiation...February–March 2015D.S. McKay | B.L. Cooper | L.A. Taylor | J.T. James | K. Thomas-Keprta | C.M. Pieters | S.J. Wentworth | W.T. Wallace | T.S. LeeWe separated the respirable dust and other size fractions from Apollo 14 bulk sample 14003,96 in a dry nitrogen environment. While our toxicology team performed in vivo and in vitro experiments with...February–March 2015R. Albertoni | F. Paganucci | M. AndrenucciA theoretical model for the performance prediction of applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (MPDTs) is presented. MPD thrusters have been long regarded as leading candidates for near-term, thrust-demanding...February–March 2015Takushi Tanaka | Yoshiyuki Kawamura | Takakazu TanakaFITSAT-1 (NIWAKA) is a 10cm3 satellite that was deployed from the International Space Station (ISS) on October 5, 2012. It continued to operate until its orbit decayed on July 4, 2013. The main FITSAT-1...February–March 2015Alexander Ghosh | Victoria CoverstoneCubeSats, the class of small standardized satellites, are quickly becoming a prevalent scientific research tool. The desire to perform ambitious missions using multiple CubeSats will lead to innovations...February–March 2015Fan Zhang | Inna Sharf | Arun Misra | Panfeng HuangThis paper presents a new methodology for on-line inertia parameters estimation for a rigid space debris captured by a tethered system, based on a new dynamics model of the system where the base satellite...February–March 2015Sam Wagner | Bong Wie | Brent W. BarbeeAsteroids and comets have collided with the Earth in the past and will do so again in the future. Throughout Earth?s history these collisions have played a significant role in shaping Earth?s biological...
Email a Friend
Complete the short form below to let your friends and colleagues know about this page.
Don't worry, the details you provide on this page will not be used to send unsolicited e-mail. Find out more about our .
Your Email
Friend's Name
Friend's Email
Thank you for recommending this page to a friend or colleague.{"subject":"湍流燃烧数值模拟研究的综述（8）&&&&&&&&medal&&","content":"发信人: victoryxj (还有人在仰望星空吗？), 信区: Thermal
标&&题: 湍流燃烧数值模拟研究的综述（8）&&&&&&&&medal&& 发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu Dec 16 00:54:59 2004), 站内 && 发信人: touchstone (炼金石@@炼尽天下顽石), 信区: DEM&&&&&&&& 标&&题: 完
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu Aug 17 19:19:08 2000) && 7 湍流燃烧的关联矩模型［33］ && 　　湍流燃烧的关联矩模型可以看成是类似于湍流流动的封闭模型.它对反应速率表达式
中的非线性指数项进行级数展开,从而该非线性指数项的脉动量可以表示成温度脉动量的
无穷级数.该级数只有在和时才是收敛的.然而在许多实际燃烧系统中,同时T′也并非总是
远远小于&& T.因此这种级数展开的方法有严重的误差.在上述两个条件得到满足,即级数收敛时,对二
级双组元的简单反应来说,化学反应速率时平均封闭的问题就转化为和等四个二阶标量脉
动关联矩的封闭问题.通常建立它们的输运方程,并应用梯度模拟对其中一些项进行模拟,
以使这些输运方程封闭.因
此,在湍流燃烧的关联矩封闭模型中,常常需要引入六个二阶标量脉动关联矩的微分方程,
把这种模型也叫作关联矩的输运方程模型.当然这些方程的引入会使计算机的储量和计算
时间大为增加,因此,又提出了一种关联矩的代数模型,即将相关二阶标量脉动关联矩的输
运方程中的对流项和扩散
项忽略,并认为化学反应对脉动关联的影响是次要的,从而可以得到这些二阶标量脉动关联
矩的代数表达式.Khalil［34］对无旋同轴射流射入突扩燃烧室的湍流燃烧问题用
EBU-Arrhenius模型、扩散控制的简化PDF模型及只有浓度脉动的关联矩输运方程封闭模型
进行了对比研究.三种模型的预
报结果相近,并都和实验符合得比较好.不过,只引入浓度脉动关联适合于等温或近似等温
以及化学反应活化能较低的湍流燃烧问题,从而限制了其发展和应用.综合考虑浓度和温度
脉动的关联矩模型曾被用于预报50种组分和300个反应的甲烷-空气扩散燃烧,包括NOx生成
［35］,所预报的时均温
度场和组分浓度场与实验值符合较好,但预报的NOx浓度比实验低,原因就是上述的级数展
开近似的误差.对关联矩模型而言,最近本文的一部分作者提出了将二阶矩处理和概率密度
封闭相结合的新二阶矩模型［36］,用于预报甲烷空气湍流燃烧,取得了较好的效果［37］
. && 8 唯象的湍流燃烧模型 && 在湍流燃烧的数值模拟中,还有一类燃烧模型不是基于流体力学的角度,而是从唯象的角度
(如拟序结构、流场结构及涡的输运和破碎)来考察湍流燃烧过程.这类模型有Spalding的
ESCIMO理论、EBU模型及拉切滑模型.
　8.1 湍流预混燃烧的EBU模型［21,38］
　　在Spalding提出的湍流预混燃烧的EBU&& (Eddy-Break-Up)模型中,认为湍流燃烧区由未燃气和已燃气的微团组成,它们的破碎导致
这两种微团的迅速接触,并在二者的交界面上发生化学反应.因此,假定湍流燃烧时化学反
应的速率取决于未燃气和已燃气微团在湍流作用下破碎成更小微团的速率,即湍流燃烧过
程由湍流混合过程来控制.
因此湍流燃烧区化学反应过程的快慢取决于湍流混合过程的速率.并认为这个混合过程不
受释热的影响.进一步假定微团破碎的速率与湍流脉动能的衰变速率成正比.从而,可以给
出化学反应速率决定于湍能及其耗散率和浓度脉动的均方根值的一个简单表达式.浓度脉
动的均方根既可以由微分
方程来求解,也可以取为燃料、氧化剂和燃烧产物浓度时均值的最小值［39］.在该模型中
,显然过分突出了湍流混合对燃烧速率的决定作用,而忽略了分子输运和化学反应动力学过
程的作用.因此,该模型只适用于高雷诺数的湍流燃烧过程.尽管如此,流场中温度不高并没
有燃烧的区域,该模型
仍可能给出错误的预报结果.为此引入用时均参数确定的化学反应速率.此时,化学反应速
率取为EBU湍流混合速率和平均参数的Arrehnius机理的反应速率的最小值.因此该模型又
称之为EBU-Arrehnius模型.用EBU模型对湍流回流燃烧进行了数值预报,燃烧效率和速度场
与实验符合得较好,而预
报和实测的温度场只是定性上一致［40］.文献［41］结合实验对EBU的模型常数进行了细
致的研究,并给出了模型系数合理的取值或表达式.与其它湍流燃烧模型相比
EBU-Arrehnius模型十分简单,且易于使用.因此在冲压发动机、液体火箭发动机及煤粉燃
烧炉等实际燃烧系统的数值模拟中都
有广泛的应用.
　8.2 湍流预混燃烧的拉切滑模型［21］
　　Spalding提出的拉切滑(stretch-cut-and-slide)模型可以看成是EBU模型的改进和发
展.它基于由不同比例的未燃气和已燃气组成的流体微团在湍流作用下被反复进行拉伸、
切割和滑动而使其不均匀程度不断减少以及在微团内部的已燃气和未燃气的交界面上存在
着层流火焰这两个假设.
它比EBU模型更合理,更准确.但其模型表达式很复杂,使用起来很困难,远没有
EBU-Arrehnius模型应用得广泛.文献［42］用此模型计算了平面管道内钝体后湍流预混火
焰的扩张角,计算结果表明该扩张角与来流预混气的状态无关,并与实验符合得很好.
　8.3 湍流燃烧的ESCIMO模型［43,44］
　　Spalding提出的ESCIMO湍流燃烧理论是分析湍流扩散和预混燃烧的另一种基于观察的
唯象模型.ESCIMO是卷吞(Engulfment)、拉伸(Stretching)、相干(Coherence)、相互作用
和化学反应(Interdiffusion和Interaction)以及运动观察者(Moving&& observer)词头的缩写.该理论认为在湍流燃烧过程中,在大尺度湍流作用下,一种流体被另
一种流体所卷吞,卷吞一旦发生之后,这两种流体相互粘附,互不分离.随后相互粘附的流体
层不断受到拉伸,其长度增加,厚度减小.卷吞和粘附在一起的流体层在拉伸过程中,流体层
内部及其交界面上同时
发生着扩散和反应过程.ESCIMO理论采用的是拉格朗日方法,包括经历和统计两个部分.但
由于这一模型纯属物理概念上若干现象的叠加,计算量很大,很难用于回流和旋流流动的实
际工程问题.所以后来作者本人也放弃了这种模型,转而研究湍流燃烧的双流体模型［40］
. && 9 湍流燃烧的随机涡模拟 && 　　随机涡方法是求解N-S方程的一种数值方法.它是在拉格朗日体系中来考察输运变量的
空间梯度.其基本方程不是速度及标量的输运方程,而是涡量和标量空间梯度的输运方程.
数值求解时,把输运变量(或其梯度)离散成载运着输运变量及其输运特性的一系列流体单
元的系综［45］.因此,这
种方法特别适用于那些在湍流燃烧中具有很大梯度的变量.同时,在欧拉体系中那些与网格
尺度相关联的限制也就可以避免.这使它具有能够处理高Reynolds数和高Peclet数流动的
优势［2］.目前随机涡方法用于湍流燃烧时有交界面方法(Interface methods)和直接拉
格朗日法(Direct&& Lagragian&& methods).前一种方法只适用于极薄火焰面的湍流预混燃烧,无需标量梯度的输运方程,但
需要火焰的传播方程来确定火焰面的位置;后一种方法对湍流燃烧的反应区结构没有限制,
既适合于湍流预混燃烧,又适于湍流扩散燃烧,和前一种方法相比,它需要求解标量梯度的
输运方程,实际上这种方
法可以看成是一种直接数值模拟(DNS)方法［45］.Chorin［46］及严传俊和许成岗［47］
用前一种方法对湍流预混燃烧进行数值研究.Ghoniem等人［48］用后一种方法对扩散和预
混燃烧进行了数值研究.总的来说,随机涡方法仍是比较新的一种方法,尚处于形成阶段.最
主要的原因是定性上描
述尚可,定量上精度尚难以确定［45］.就已得到的结果而言,只能给出合理的现象.其主要
问题是:(1)涡旋尺寸分布的确定有任意性;(2)未考虑含能涡和耗散涡的差别; (3)尚难以
用于三维问题. && 10 结 论 && 　　到目前为止,已经研究和发展了不同的湍流燃烧模型,总的趋势是寻找更为合理的模拟
有限速率详细反应动力学与湍流相互作用的方法,然而对同时满足工程应用中的合理性和
经济性而言,尚缺乏令人满意的模型,因此仍需进一步进行研究.直接模拟和大涡模拟仍然
是计算量很大的模拟方法
,离工程应用尚有相当的距离,但它们在揭示机理、检验和完善工程模型方面有十分重要的
价值和前景.输运方程的概率密度函数方法因其对湍流关联矩的自封闭而具有极大的优势,
但求解的复杂性和计算量之大给其广泛应用带来了很大的困难.层流小火焰模型、BML模型
、EBU模型仍将是工程
上广泛应用的模型,特别是预混燃烧的EBU模型和扩散燃烧的简化的PDF模型.关联矩与概率
密度函数封闭方法相结合是工程能够接受并有潜力的研究方向.唯象湍流燃烧模型中的拉
切滑模型和ESCIMO模型则已经很少应用和不会再有进一步的发展.湍流燃烧的离散涡方法
仍需很大的发展. && 作者单位：张会强　陈兴隆　周力行　清华大学工程力学系,北京100084
　　　　　陈昌麒　香港理工大学应用数学系,香港 && 参考文献 && 1 Libby P A, Williams F A. Fundamental aspects and review. In:Libby P A,&& Williams F A, ed. Turbulent Reacting Flows. Academic Press,
2 Givi P. Model free simulations of turbulent reactive flows. Progress in&& Energy and Combustion Science, ～107
3 Robert W Bilger. New directions in turbulent combustion research,In:&& Proceedings of the First Asian-Pacific Conference on Combustion, Osaka,&& Japan, May,
4 Pope S B. Computations of turbulent combustion: progress andchallenges. In:&& 23rd Symposium (Int) on Combustion, ～612
5 Jaberi F A, James S. A dynamic similarity model for large eddysimulation of&& turbulent combustion. Physics of Fluids, ):
6 Colucci P J, Jaberi F A, Givi P. Filtered density function forlarge eddy&& simulation of turbulent reacting flows. Physics ofFluids, ): 499～
7 Dopazo C. Recent developments in PDF methods. In: Libby P A,Williams F A,&& ed. Turbulent Reacting Flows Academic Press, 4
8 Anand M S, Pope S B. Calculations of premixed turbulent flames byPDF&& methods. Combustion and Flame, 7～142
9 Pope S B, Cheng W K. Statistical calculations of sphericalturbulent flames.&& In: 21st Symposium (Int) on Combustion, ～1481
10 Pope S B, Cheng W K. The stochastic flamelet model of turbulentpremixed&& combustion. In: 22nd Symposium (Int) on Combustion, 9
11 Chen J Y, Kollmann W. Chemical models for PDF modeling ofhydrogen-air&& nonpremixed turbulent flames. Combustion and Flame, ～99
12 Pop S B. New developments in PDF modeling of nonreactive andreactive&& turbulent flows. In: Proceedings of the Second InternationalSymposium on&& Turbulent, Heat and Mass Transfer, Delft, The Netherlands,June,
13 Klimenko A Yu. Multicomponent diffusion of various admixturesin turbulent&& flow. Fluid Dyn, 7～343
14 Bilger R W. Conditional moment closure for turbulent reactingflow. Phys&& Fluids, 1993, A5(2): 436～473
15 Klimenko A Yu, Bilger R W. Conditional Moment Closure forTurbulent&& Combustion. to be published in Progress in Energy andCombustion Science, 1999
16 Kronenburg A, Bilger R W, Kent J. H. Second-order conditionalmoment&& closure for turbulent jet diffusion flames. In: 27th Symposium(International)&& on Combustion, 1998%, 116(4): 519～545
17 Swaminathan N, Bilger R W. Assessment of combustion submodelsfor turbulent&& nonpremixed hydrocarbon flames. Combustion and Flame, ): 519～545
18 Swaminathan N, Dally B B. Cross stream dependence of conditionalaverage in&& elliptic region of flows behind a bluff-body. Physics ofFluids, ):&&
19 Bray K N C, Peters N. Laminar flamelets in turbulent flames.In: Libby P A,&& Williams F A, ed. Turbulent Reacting Flows. Academic Press,4
20 Peters N. Laminar diffusion flamelet models in non-premixedturbulent&& combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 9～339
21 Spalding D B. Mathematical models bustion&& Science and Technology, ～25
22 Lockwood F C, Naguib A S. The prediction of the fluctuation inthe&& properties of free, round-jet, turbulent diffusion flame. Combustion and&& Flame, 9～124
23 Richardson J M, Howard H C, Smith R W. The relation betweensampling-tube&& measurements and concentration fluctuations in a turbulentgas jet. In: 4th&& Symposium (Int) on Combustion, ～817
24 Jones W P, Whitelaw J H. Calculation methods for reactingturbulent flows:&& a review. Combustion and Flame, ～26
25 Chen Ching-Shun, Chang Keh-Chin, Chen Jyh-Yuan. Application of arobust&& -PDF treatment to analysis of thermal NO formation innonpremixed hydrogen-air&& flame. Combustion and Flame, ～390
26 Zhou L X, Zhang H Q, Lin W Y. A multi--PDF model ofturbulent combustion.&& In: Proc of the First Asian-Pacific Conference onCombustion, Osaka, Japan,&& ～197
27 Bray K N C, Libby P A. Recent developments in the BML model ofpremixed&& turbulent combustion. In: Libby P A, Williams F A, ed.Turbulent Reacting&& Flows. Academic Press, ～152
28 Bray K N C, Moss J B. A Unified statistical model of thepremixed turbulent&& flame. Acta Astronautica, ～319
29 Bray K N C, Libby P A, Masuya G, Moss J B. Turbulent predictionin premixed&& turbulent flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 7～140
30 Bray K N C, Libby P A, Moss J B. Unified modeling approach forpremixed&& turbulent combustion------Part I: general formulation. Combustion and Flame,&& ～102
31 Bray K N C, Libby P A. Passage times and flamelet crossingfrequencies in&& premixed turbulent combustion. Combustion Science andTechnology, 3
32 Maly R R, Bray K N C, Chew T C. An intelgral time scale ofevolution for&& non-stationary turbulent premixed flames. CombustionScience and Technology,&& 9～147
33 Pratt D T. Mixing and chemical reaction in continuouscombustion. Progress&& in Energy and Combustion Science, ～86
34 Khalil E E. On the prediction of reaction rates in turbulentpremixed&& confined flames. AIAA Paper, 80-
35 Liao C, Liu Z, Liu C. Implicit Multigrid Method for ModelingTurbulent&& Diffusion Flames with Detailed Chemistry. UCD.CCM, Rep No 16,1994
36 周力行.湍流燃烧的新二阶矩模型.工程热物理学报,):353～356
37 Chen X L, Zhou L X, Zhang J. A new second-order moment modelfor simulating&& methane-air turbulent combustion, To be present at theSecond Asian-Pacific&& Conference on Combustion, Tainan, Taiwan, China
38 Spalding D B. Mixing and chemical reaction in steady confinedturbulent&& flames. In: 13th Symposium (Int) on Combustion, The CombustionInstitute,&& Pittsburgh, ～657
39 Magnussen B F, Hjertager B H. On mathematical modeling ofturbulent&& combustion with special emphasis on soot formation andcombustion. In: 16th&& Symposium (International) on Combustion, 9
40 周力行著.湍流两相流动与燃烧的数值模拟.北京:清华大学出版社,1991
41 赵坚行,易勇.紊流燃烧模型数值模拟与实验研究.工程热物理学报, ): 99～
42 范维澄.平面管道内钝体后湍流预混火焰的数值分析.中国科技大学学报,
43 Spalding D B. A General theory of turbulent combustion. AIAAPaper 77-141,&& AIAA 15th Aerospace Meeting, Los Angeles, January, 1977
44 Spalding D B. The influence of laminar transport and chemicalkinetics on&& the time-mean reaction rate in a turbulent flow. In: 17thSymposium (Int) on&& Combustion, ～440
45 Givi P. Spectral and random vortex methods. In: Libby P A,Williams F A.&& Turbulent Reacting Flows. San Diego: Academic Press, 2
46 Chorin A J, Ghoniem A F, Oppenheim A K. Numerical modeling ofturbulent&& flow in premixed combustion. In: 18th Symposium (Int) onCombustion, 1981
47 许成岗.离散涡法及其在湍流反应流和二相流中的应用.［博士论文］.西安:西北工业
48 Ghoniem A F, Heidarinejad G. Effect of two-dimensional shearlayer dynamics&& on mixing and combustion at low heat release. Combustion Science and&& Technology, ～99 && 收稿日期:;修回日期: &&
-- &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ★你快乐吗?我很快乐!★ &&&& ※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 smth.org·[FROM: 166.111.36.179]
","ajax_st":1,"ajax_code":"0005","ajax_msg":"操作成功"}