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数据库管理系统介绍, 数据库?database,有时拼作data base,?又称为电子数据库?,是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息,?其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。数据库的结构是专门设计的,?在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下,可以简化数据的存储、检索、修改和删除。数据库可以存储在磁盘、磁带、光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。 数据库由一个或一套文件组成?其中的信息可以分解为记录每一记录又包含一个或多个字段或称为域。字段是数据存取的基本单位。数据库用于描述实体,?其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。通过关键字以及各种分类、排序、命令。用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询,重新整理、分组或选择,以实体对某一类数据的检索,也可以生成报表。所有数据库,中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。处理与创建,访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统DBMS。DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。这些用户可以是应用程序员,管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序。DBMS可组织处理和表示从数据库中
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文献 翻译 基于单片机的烟雾探测报警器外文翻译 附件 1:外文资料翻译译文温度控制系统的设计摘要:研究了基于 AT89S 51 单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能,温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器 DS18B 20 构成。该系统可进行温度设定,时间显示和保存监测数据。如果温度超过任意设置的上限和下限值,系统将报警并可以和自动控制的实现,从而达到温度监测智能一定范围内。基于系统的原理,很容易使其他各种非线性控制系统,只要软件设计合理的改变。该系统已被证明是准确的,可靠和满意通过现场实践。关键词:单片机;温度;温度I. 导言温度是在人类生活中非常重要的参数。在现代社会中,温度控制(TC)不仅用于工业生产,还广泛应用于其它领域。随着生活质量的提高,我们可以发现在酒店,工厂和家庭,以及比赛设备。而比赛的趋势将更好地服务于整个社会,因此它具有十分重要的意义测量和控制温度。在 AT89S51单片机和温度传感器 DS18B20的基础上,系统环境温度智能控制。温度可设定在一定范围内动任意。该系统可以显示在液晶显示屏的时间,并保存监测数据,并自动地控制温度,当环(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])境温度超过上限和下限的值。这样做是为了保持温度不变。该系统具有很高的抗干扰能力,控制精度高,灵活的设计,它也非常适合这个恶劣的环境。它主要应用于人们的生活,改善工作和生活质量。这也是通用的,因此它可以方便地扩大使用该系统。因此,设计具有深刻的重要性。一般的设计,硬件设计和软件系统的设计都包括在内。II. 系统总体设计该系统硬件包括微控制器,温度检测电路,键盘控制电路,时钟电路,显示,报警,驱动电路和外部 RAM。基于 AT89S51单片机,DS18B20的将温度信号传送到数字信号的检测。和信号发送到微控制器进行处理。最后,温度值显示在液晶12232F。这些步骤是用来实现温度检测。使用键盘接口芯片 HD7279在设定温度值,使用微控制器保持一定的温度,并使用液晶显示的温度控制设定值。此外,时钟芯片 DS1302用于显示时间和外部 RAM6264是用来保存监测数据。报警将给予及时蜂鸣器如果温度超过了上限和下限温度值。III. 硬件设计A. 微控制器在 AT89S51单片机是一种低功耗,高性能 CM(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])OS 8位4K 的系统内可编程闪存字节微控制器。该设备是采用 Atmel 的高密度非易失性内存技术,并与业界标准的80C51指令集和引脚兼容。片上闪存程序存储器可以编程就可以在系统或由传统的非易失性存储器编程。通过结合在系统灵活的8位 CPU 集成在一个芯片可编程闪存,Atmel的单片机 AT89S51是一个功能强大的微控制器提供了一个高度灵活的和具有成本效益的解决方案很多嵌入式控制应用。为了节省监测数据,6264是用来作为外部 RAM。它是一个静态 RAM 芯片,低功耗具有8K 字节的内存。B. 温度检测电路温度传感器是该系统的关键部分。达拉斯 DS18B20 的使用,它支持 1 - Wire总线接口,板上专利是在内部使用。所有的传感器部分和转换电路集成在一个晶体管集成电路像[1]。其测量范围为-55℃125℃,在-10℃85℃精度为±0.5℃[2,3]。由 DS18B20 的温度采集传输在 1 - Wire 总线的方式,这种高度提高了系统的抗干扰,使之适合在恶劣的环境现场温度测量(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])[4]。有两个电源 DS18B20 的供应方式。首先是外部电源供给:DS18B20 的第一脚连接到地面,第二引脚用作信号线,三是连接到电源。第二种方式是寄生电源[5]。由于寄生电源会导致硬件电路,软件控制的难度和芯片的性能下降等,但 DS18B20 的(s)的复杂性,可以连接到 I/ O端口的单片机在外部电源供电方式,它更受欢迎。因此,外部电源供应使用,而第二个接脚连接到引脚 P1.3 可单片机 AT89S51。其实,如果多有被检测,DS18B20 的(S)可以连接到 1 - Wire 总线。但是,当数超过 8,有一个向驾驶和更复杂的软件设计,以及 1 - Wire 总线长度的关注。一般而言,这是不超过 50 米。为了实现远程控制,该系统可在一个无线之一,旨在打破了 1 - Wire 总线长度的限制[6]。C. LCD 显示器电路液晶显示12232F 使用,这可以用来显示字符,温度值和时间,并提供一个友好的显示界面。该12232F 是一个具有5;32像素的汉字数据库和12(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])8个16 ×8像素的 ASCII 字符集图形液晶显示。它主要由行驱动器/列驱动器和128× 32点阵的充分显示图形,以及7.5 ×2个汉字功能的液晶显示器。它是在并行或串行方式连接到外部 CPU[7]。为了节约硬件资源,12232F 应以串行方式连接到单片机AT89S51,只有4个输出使用的端口。液晶显示屏灰度可以通过调整可变电阻连接的液晶 VLCD 的 PIN 码。CLK 是用于传输串行通信时钟。SID 是用于传输串行数据。CS是用来使能控制,液晶显示。L+是用来控制 LCD 背光电源。D. 时钟电路达拉斯 DS1302的使用,这是一种高性能,低功耗和实时时钟芯片与 RAM。在DS1302的服务于带有日历时钟系统,用于监测的时间。读取数据的时间由 AT89S51单片机,再由液晶显示处理。另外的时间可以调整键盘。在 DS1302的晶体振荡器设定为32768Hz 的,建议的补偿电容是6pF。振荡器的频率较低,所以有可能不连接的电容器,这不会有很大的不同的时间精度。备(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])用电源可以连接到3.6V 的可充电电池。E. 键盘控制电路系统中的键盘接口 HD7279A 的驱动下,它有一个+5 V 单电源,这是连接,无需使用任何有源设备的键盘和显示。根据基本要求和系统功能,只有6个按钮是必要的。该系统的功能是由输入的数据接收单片机 AT89S51。为了节省外部电阻器,1× 6使用键盘和键盘代码定义为:07h 的,0FH,17H 条,1FH,27H 款,2Fh 的。该命令可以读出通过阅读代码指令。 HD7279A 是连接到单片机 AT89S51的串行模式,只有4个端口的需要。DIG0DIG5和 DP 分别列线和六个键是实现键盘监控,解码和识别关键代码行线端口。F. 报警电路为了简化电路,调试方便,是一个 5V 的蜂鸣器自动报警电路中的应用[8]。这使得软件编程简化。它是由9012 PNP晶体管的基连接到AT89S51单片机的引脚P2.5。当温度超过上限和下限的值,P2.5 输出低电平使晶体管上,然后由一个报警蜂鸣器定。G. 驱动电路一个步进电机作为驱动装置来控制(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])温度。四相和八打脉冲分配模式是用来驱动电机和简单的延时程序是用来处理脉冲之间的时间间隔,获得不同的转速。有两个步进电机的输出状态。一:当温度超过上限值时,电机反向旋转(以低的温度),而当低于下限值时,电机旋转正常(提高温度),除了不等于预设值。二:当温度在两者之间的某处结束,等于设定值时,电机停止。这些步骤是用来实现温度控制。此外,电机的转速也可以调整相对按钮。代码数据是通过港口答 11A8 的输入(P2.3P2.0 的是)的逆变器 74LS04 由 AT89S51 单片机和反向输出。最后,它被放大功放 2803A 权力电机。IV. 软件设计按照一般设计要求,该系统的硬件电路原理,以及该程序的可读性,可移植性和改进的调试方便,软件设计模块化。系统流程主要包括以下8个步骤:POST(加电自检),系统启动,温度检测,报警处理,温度控制,时钟芯片 DS1302的操作,液晶显示和键盘操作。给一点分析,上述8个任务,很容易地发现,过去五年任务需要实时操作。但对温度的检测,可与 TIMER0计时1秒,即出(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])现温度检测达到每秒。系统启动包括全局变量的定义,内存启动,启动特殊功能寄存器和外围设备的启动。全局变量的定义,主要完成对外部接口连接到单片机 AT89S51芯片,内存单位和一些特殊的定义的接口定义。开始主要是指 RAM 的内存处理。例如,当系统通电时间码将在内部单位地址或闪烁标志存储的信息将被清除。特殊功能寄存器包括加载启动定时器初值的开放中断。例如,当系统通电定时器初始化。外围设备的启动,是指设置外围设备的初始值。例如,当系统通电后,LCD 应该被初始化,启动显示器应该叫,温度转换命令时,必须先发出的时钟芯片 DS1302也要被初始化。报警处理主要是降低和温度的提高使温度保持在预设范围。当温度之间的上限和下限的值,这是不言而喻的温度控制处理,即需要的温度升高或降低根据预设值。这样做的条件温度等于设定值,从而达到温度的目标。V. 结论温度控制系统具有友好的人机交互界面,硬件简单,成本低,温度控制精度高(误差在±1℃范围内误差),便利性和多功能性等,它可广泛的场合使用的优点与-55℃至(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html]) 125℃范围内,且有一定的实用价值。附件 2:外文原文Design of the Temperature Control System Based on AT89S51ABSTRACTThe principle and functions of the temperature control system based on microcontrollerAT89S51 are studied, and the temperature measurement unit consists of the 1-Wire busdigital temperature sensor DS18B20. The system can be expected to detect the presettemperature, display time and save monitoring data. An alarm will be given by system ifthe temperature exce(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])eds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature which can beset discretionarily and then automatic control is achieved, thus the temperature isachieved monitoring intelligently within a certain range. Basing on principle of thesystem, it is easy to make a variety of other non-linear control systems so long as thesoftware design is reasonably changed. The system has been proved to be accurate,reliable and satisfied through field practice.KEYWO(来源：淘豆网[/p-4267207.html])RDS: AT89S51; DS18B20; temperatureI. INTRODUCTIONTemperature is a very important parameter in human life. In the modern society,temperature control (TC) is not only used in industrial production, but also widely usedin other fields. With the improvement of the life quality, we can find the TC appliance inhotels, factories and home as well. And the trend that TC will better serve the wholesociety, so it is of great significance to measure and control the temperature.Based on the AT89S51 and temperature sensor DS18B20, this system controls thecondition temperature intelligently. The temperature can be set discretionarily within acertain range. The system can show the time on LCD, and
andautomatically control the temperature when the condition temperature exceeds the upperand lower limit value. By doing so it is to keep the temperature unchanged. The system isof high anti-jamming, high control precision it also fits the ruggedenvironment. It is mainly used in people's life to improve the quality of the work and life.It is also versatile, so that it can be convenient to extend the use of the system. So thedesign is of profound importance. The general design, hardware design and softwaredesign of the system are covered.II. SYSTEM GENERAL DESIGNThe hardware block diagram of the TC is shown in Fig. 1. The system hardware includesthe microcontroller, temperature detection circuit, keyboard control circuit, clock circuit,Display, alarm, drive circuit and external RAM. Based on the AT89S51, the DS18B20will transfer the temperature signal detected to digital signal. And the signal is sent to themicrocontroller for processing. At last the temperature value is showed on the LCD12232F. These steps are used to achieve the temperature detection. Using the keyboardinterface chip HD7279 to set the temperature value, using the microcontroller to keep acertain temperature, and using the LCD to show the preset value for controlling thetemperature. In addition, the clock chip DS1302 is used to show time and the externalRAM 6264 is used to save the monitoring data. An alarm will be given by buzzer in timeif the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature.III. HARDWARE DESIGNA. MicrocontrollerThe AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured usingAtmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and patible with theindustry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows theprogram memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatilememory programmer. bining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmableFlash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller whichprovides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded controlapplications. Minimum system of the microcontroller is shown in Fig. 2. In order to savemonitoring data, the 6264 is used as an external RAM. It is a static RAM chip,low-power with 8K bytes memory.B. Temperature Detection CircuitThe temperature sensor is the key part in the system. The Dallas DS18B20 is used, whichsupports the 1-Wire bus interface, and the ON-BOARD Patented is used internally. Allthe sensor parts and the converting circuit are integrated in integrated circuit like atransistor [1]. Its measure range is -55℃~125 ℃, and the precision between -10℃~85 ℃ is ±0.5℃[2 ,3]. The temperature collected by the DS18B20 is transmitted inthe 1-Wire bus way, and this highly raises the system anti-jamming and makes it fit insitu temperature measurement of the rugged environment [4].There are two power supply ways for the DS18B20. The first is external power supply:the first pin of the DS18B20 is con the second pin serves as signalwire and the third is connected to the power. The second way is parasite power supply [5].As the parasite power supply will lead to plexity of the hardware circuit, thedifficulty of the software control and the performance degradation of the chip, etc. Butthe DS18B20(s) can be connected to the I/O port of the microcontroller in the externalpower supply way and it is more popular. Therefore the external power supply is usedand the second pin is connected to the pin P1.3 of the AT89S51. Actually, if there aremultipoint to be detected, the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the 1-Wire bus. But whenthe number is over 8, there is a concern to the driving and the plex softwaredesign as well as the length of the 1-Wire bus. Normally it is no more than 50m. Toachieve distant control, the system can be designed in to a wireless one to break thelength limit of the 1-Wire bus [6].C. LCD CircuitThe LCD 12232F is used, which can be used to show characters, temperature value andtime, and supply a friendly display interface. The 12232F is a LCD with 5;32pixels Chinese character database and 128 16×8 pixels ASCII character set graphics. Itmainly consists of row drive/column drive and 128×32 full lattice LCD with the functionof displaying graphics as well as 7.5×2 Chinese characters. It is in a parallel or serialmode to connect to external CPU [7]. In order to economize the hardware resource, the12232F should be connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode with only 4 output portsused.The LCD grayscale can be changed by adjusting the variable resistor connected the pinVlcd of the LCD. CLK is used to transmit munication clock. SID is used totransmit serial data. CS is used to enable control the LCD. L+ is used to control the LCDbacklight power.D. Clock CircuitThe Dallas DS1302 is used, which is a high performance, low-power and real-time clockchip with RAM. The DS1302 serves in the system with calendar clock and is used tomonitor the time. The time data is read and processed by the AT89S51 and then displayedby the LCD. Also the time can be adjusted by the keyboard.The DS1302 crystal oscillator is set at 32768Hz, and the pensationcapacitance is 6pF. The oscillator frequency is lower, so it might be possible not toconnect the capacitor, and this would not make a big difference to the time precision. Thebackup power supply can be connected to a 3.6V rechargeable battery.E. Keyboard Control CircuitThe keyboard interface in the system is driven by the HD7279A which has a +5Vsingle power supply and which is connected to the keyboard and display without usingany active-device. According to the basic requirements and functions of the system, only6 buttons are needed. The system's functions are set by the AT89S51 receiving theentered data. In order to save the external resistor, the 1×6 keyboard is used, and thekeyboard codes are defined as: 07H, 0FH, 17H, 1FH, 27H, 2FH. The order can be readout by reading the code instruction. HD7279A is connected to the AT89S51 in serialmode and only 4 ports are need. As shown in Fig. 6, DIG0~DIG5 and DP arerespectively the column lines and row line ports of the six keys which achieve keyboardmonitoring, decoding and key codes identification.F. Alarm CircuitIn order to simplify the circuit and convenient debugging, a 5V automatic buzzer is usedin the alarm circuit [8]. And this make the software programming simplified. As shown inFig. 7, it is controlled by the PNP transistor 9012 whose base is connected to the pin P2.5of the AT89S51. When the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value, theP2.5 output low level which makes the transistor be on and then an alarm is given by thebuzzer.G. Drive CircuitA step motor is used as the drive device to control the temperature. The four-phase andeight-beat pulse distribution mode is used to drive motor and the simple delay program isused to handle the time interval between the pulses to obtain different rotational speed.There are two output states for the step motor. One: when the temperature is over theupper value, the motor rotates reversely (to low the temperature), while when lower thanthe lower limit value, the motor rotates normally (to raise the temperature); besides notequals the preset value. Two: when the temperature is at somewhere between the twoends and equals the preset value, the motor stops. These steps are used to achieve thetemperature control. In addition, the motor speed can also be adjusted by relative buttons.As shown in Fig. 8, the code data is input through ports A11~A8 (be P2.3~P2.0) of theAT89S51 and inverted output by the inverter 74LS04. Finally it is amplified by thepower amplifier 2803A to power the motor.IV. SOFTWARE ording to the general design requirement and hardware circuit principle of the system,as well as the improvement of the program readability, transferability and the convenientdebugging, the software design is modularized. The system flow mainly includes thefollowing 8 steps: POST (Power-on self-test), system initiation, temperature detection,alarm handling, temperature control, clock chip DS1302 operation, LCD and keyboardoperation. The main program flow is shown in Fig. 9. Give a little analysis to the above8 tasks, it is easy to find out that the last five tasks require the real time operation. But tothe temperature detection it can be achieved with timer0 timing 1 second, that is to saytemperature detection occurs per second. The system initiation includes global variabledefinition, RAM initiation, special function register initiation and peripheral equipmentinitiation. Global variable definition mainly finishes the interface definition of externalinterface chip connected to the AT89S51, and special definition of some memory units.RAM initiation mainly refers to RAM processing. For example when the system iselectrified the time code will be stored in the internal unit address or the scintillation flagwill be cleared. The special function register initiation includes loading the initial valueof timer and opening the interrupt. For example, when the system is electrified the timeris initialized. The peripheral equipment initiation refers to set the initial value ofperipheral equipment. For example, when the system is electrified, the LCD should beinitialized, the start-up display should be called, the temperature mandshould be issued firstly and the clock chip DS1302 should also be initialized. The alarmhandling is mainly the lowering and the raising of temperature to make the temperatureremain with the preset range. When the temperature is between the upper and the lowerlimit value, it goes to temperature control handling, that is to say the temperature need tobe raised or lowered according to the preset value. By doing so make the conditiontemperature equal to the preset value and hence to reach the temperature target.V. CONCLUSIONThe temperature control system has the advantages of friendly puterinteraction interface, simple hardware, low cost, high temperature control precision (errorin the range of ±1 ℃), convenience and versatility, etc. It can be widely used in asions with -55℃ to 125℃ range, and there is a certain practical value.播放器加载中，请稍候...
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文献 翻译 基于单片机的烟雾探测报警器外文翻译.doc
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文献 翻译 基于单片机的烟雾探测报警器外文翻译 附件 1:外文资料翻译译文温度控制系统的设计摘要:研究了基于 AT89S 51 单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能,温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器 DS18B 20 构成。该系统可进行温度设定,时间显示和保存监测数据。如果温度超过任意设置的上...
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