TextGridEditor
TextGridEditor
One of the
in Praat, for editing a
You can optionally include a copy of a
in this editor, by selecting both the TextGrid and the Sound or LongSound before clicking View & Edit. The Sound or LongSound is shown in the upper part of the window, the tiers in the lower part. A text window at the top shows the text of the selected interval or point, i.e. the interval or point at the location of the cursor. All tiers are visible, and if you do not zoom in, all boundaries, points, and texts are visible, too. You can do many of the same things that you can do with a
Positioning the cursor or the selection marks
To position the cursor hair,
in the Sound, on a boundary, on a point, or inside an interval.
To select any part of the time domain, if you do this by clicking in a tier, the selected time domain will snap to the nearest boundary or point.
Creating new intervals, boundaries, points, or tiers
To create a new interval, create a new boundary in an interval tier.
To create a new boundary or point in a tier,
inside the cursor circle in that tier, or choose one of the commands in the Boundary/Point menu to insert a boundary at the cursor time on the selected tier (shortcut: Enter) or on any tier (shortcuts: Command-F1 through Command-F9). The original text in the interval that is split, is divided up between the two resulting intervals, depending on the position of the text cursor in the text window.
To create a new tier, choose Add interval tier or Add point tier from the Tier menu.
Playing an entire interval, or part of it
As in many other editors, you can play a stretch of sound by clicking in any of the rectangles around the drawing area.
To play an interval of an interval tier, you first
inside it. This will make the interval selected, which means that the visible part of the interval will be drawn in yellow. The cursor will be positioned at the start of the interval, and the time selection will comprise exactly the interval. This means that you can use the Tab key to play the interval. If you press it while a sound is playing, the Tab key will halt the playing sound, and the cursor will move to the time at which the sound stopped playing. This helps you to divide up a long sentence into parts that you can remember long enough to write them down.
The Tab key will play the selected interval.
Editing the text in an interval or at a point
To edit the label text of an interval or point:
1. Select that interval or point by clicking in or on it. The text currently in the interval or point will appear in the text window.
2. Just type the text, and use the mouse and the arrow keys to navigate the text window. Everything you type will become visible immediately in the text window as well as in the selected interval or point.
You can use all the
that you can use elsewhere in Praat, including mathematical symbols, Greek and Chinese letters, superscripts, and phonetic symbols.
Selecting a tier
To select a tier, click anywhere inside it. Its number and name will be drawn in red, and a pointing finger symbol (☞) will appear on its left.
Selecting a boundary or point
To select a boundary on an interval tier,
in its vicinity or inside th the boundary will be drawn in red. The text in the interval will appear in the text window.
To select a point on a point tier, it will be drawn in red. The text of the point will appear in the text window.
Moving one or more boundaries or points
To move a boundary or point to another time position,
it with the mouse.
To move all the boundaries and points with the same time (on different tiers) to another time position,
To move boundaries or points to the exact time position of a boundary or point on an other tier,
them into that other tier and into the vicinity of that boundary or point.
To move boundaries or points to the exact time position of the cursor,
them into the vicinity of the cursor.
Removing a boundary, point, or tier
To remove a selected boundary, choose Remove from the Boundary menu. This creates a new interval which is the union of the two intervals originally ad the new text of this interval is the concatenation of the two original texts, except if these were equal, in which case the new text equals both original texts.
To remove a selected point, choose Remove from the Point menu.
To remove a selected tier, choose Remove entire tier from the Tier menu.
Extracting a part of the sound
To copy the selected part of the Sound or LongSound as a Sound to the , choose Extract sound selection from the File menu. You can specify whether you want the time domain of the resulting Sound to match the starting and finishing times of the selection or whether you want the time domain of the resulting Sound to start at zero seconds.
If you are viewing a LongSound, you can save the selected part of it to a 16-bit sound file (AIFF, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, NIST) with a command from the File menu.
Accelerations
To save the
object as a text file without going to the : choose Save TextGrid as text file... from the File menu.
The Search menu contains the command Find (Command-F), which will allow you to specify a text whose first occurrence will then be looked for in the currently selected tier (starting from the currently selected text in the currently selected interval). The command Find again (Command-G) will search for the next occurrence of the same search text.
Checking the spelling
You can check the spelling of the intervals in your tiers by including a
object as you launch the editor: select TextGrid + (Long)Sound + SpellingChecker, then click View & Edit. The Spell menu will contain the commands Check spelling in tier (Command-N), and Check spelling in interval which will search for the next word in the tier or interval that does not occur in the lexicon.
Links to this page
& ppgb, January 31, 2011Guidelines for ToBI Labelling
The following is an extract from the:
Guidelines for ToBI Labelling
(version 3, March 1997)
copyright (1993) The Ohio State University Research Foundation
Mary E. Beckman & Gayle Ayers Elam
Ohio State University
0. Preface
0.1. What are the "Guidelines for ToBI Labelling"?
ToBI (for Tones and Break Indices) is a system for transcribing the
intonation patterns and other aspects of the prosody of English utterances.
It was devised by a group of speech scientists from various different disciplines
(electrical engineering, psychology, linguistics, etc.) who wanted a common
standard for transcribing an agreed-upon set of prosodic elements, in order
to be able to share prosodically transcribed databases across research
sites in the pursuit of diverse research purposes and varied technological
goals. Silverman et al. (1992) and Pitrelli et al. (1994) describe the
motivation for and development of the ToBI system. If you ask for this
handbook in hard copy, those papers will be appended as Appendix B. Appendix
A (which is included both in the hard copy and in the ASCII file version
of this labelling guide) is "The ToBI Annotation Conventions", the definitive
summary statement of the symbols and marks used in ToBI transcriptions,
and of the conventions that we have agreed upon for their use. The rest
of this labelling guide is a more detailed description of the system, with
reference to accompanying utterances of two types: example utterances to
illustrate points made in the text and exercise utterances to give labellers
practice on the points made in the text. These utterances are set off in
the text of the labelling guide using the following typographic conventions.
EXAMPLE &&basename>>: orthographic transcription
tonal transcription and/or break index values
EXERCISE &&basename>>: orthographic transcription
Each example utterance is also referred to in the text by its basename
within pairs of angle brackets -- e.g., the first example utterance is
&&jam1>>. We have chosen the examples and arranged the exercises
with the aim of leading new users through the system in a self-taught training
course, trying to choose utterances in each of the six practice sets that
show only phenomena that have been introduced up to that point.
The utterances that accompany this labelling guide can be obtained in
two formats: as digitized computer files with electronic record of the
f0 contour from the Ohio State University web and ftp distribution site
(see section 0.2) or as an audio tape with paper record of the f0 contour
(see section 0.3).
0.1.1. Notice of copyright and restrictions on use
The "Guidelines for ToBI Labelling" document and associated material
are copyrighted. The text cannot be copied or distributed in any format
unless this paragraph is included. The utterances accompanying the guide
are available to any interested user, but only for non-commercial use.
The National Science Foundation and the Ohio State University make no warranty
and accept no liability associated with the use of these materials. These
materials may be obtained only as described in Sections 0.2 and 0.3, and
are not to be redistributed by other user sites. Users may not redistribute
these materials from their own sites, but should instead tell interested
people how to obtain their own copy from the distribution site.
0.1.2. Acknowledgements
The "Guidelines for ToBI Labelling" and the accompanying utterances
were developed in the Ohio State University Linguistics Laboratory with
partial support from the National Science Foundation, and the Ohio State
University continues to support the labelling guide by providing a distribution
site for the electronic records (described in Section 0.2). Colin Wightman
generously provided the distribution site for the electronic records for
version 2.0 of the labelling guide in his lab at the New Mexico Institute
of Mining and Technology. Jennifer Venditti provided LaTeXing and various
other editing expertise for this earlier version, which we have relied
on in producing this new one. Kim Silverman and John Pitrelli developed
the original transcriber script, on which we based the primary shell scripts
for viewing the examples and doing the exercises. David Talkin helped in
innumerable ways, such as by developing the scripts for the cardinal examples.
Harald Singer developed an alternative electronic format for version 2.0,
and Stefanie Jannedy set up the web page for it and for the ftp site.
0.2. Getting and using the digitized utterances and f0 tracks
If you have waves(tm) (an Entropic Research Laboratory product) or a
similar computer display system, obtain the speech files, electronic record
of the f0 contour, and label files by ftp from the Ohio State University
distribution site. Section 0.2.1 describes that version.
There is also an Emu version that Steve Cassidy helped us to create.
You can get that version from the Emu home page at Macquarie University.
reading this page over the
And the labels have been converted to praat TextGrid files.
reading this page over the
and download these files.
0.2.1. Getting the digitized utterances and f0 tracks
There are two options for obtaining the ToBI materials depending upon
how much disk space users have available. For those with sufficient disk
space there is a single large tarfile for convenience. This option requires
having about 40 MB available during the
materials occupy about 20 MB once the installation is completed and the
tarfile is removed. If you do not have enough space to have both the complete
tarfile and all the installed files at the same time, use the second option.
There are three smaller tarfiles which together contain all the materials
contained in the single large tarfile. That is, they contain the speech
files, f0 records, and label files divided into three parts by order of
occurrence in the Guidelines. In addition to the single large or three
smaller tarfiles, you will need to get the "essentials" tarfile, which
is about 2.5 MB and contains an ASCII version of "The Guidelines for ToBI
Labelling", and the scripts and tools for displaying the f0 tracks and
If you are reading this page over the WWW,
. Download the README-file first for descriptions
of the tar files and of the directory structure that they will set up on
your home system.
0.2.2. A less interactive electronic version
Version 2.0 of the labelling guide has been converted to a series of
html files that can be fetched to your computer for perusal and playback.
The F0 contours are embedded as gif images and the audio files are embedded
in au format.
The conversion
to this format was done by Harald Singer, and it is available on the Ohio
State University Linguistics Laboratory web site. .
If you have a PC running Windows, you may find it better to download
the audio files in wav format to play.
Get these from our ftp site.
The compressed tar file is wav_files_tobi_v3.tar.gz.
This file is
If you want to retrieve just a few files by name, click
0.4. Future editions and a disclaimer
If you have comments on this Labelling Guide -- particularly, if you
have suggestions for improvements or better example utterances you would
like to give to us -- we would be very grateful if you would direct the
commments to us at:
other mail:
ToBI Labelling Guide, c/o Mary Beckman
Ohio State University, Linguistics Dept.
222 Oxley Hal, 1712 Neil Ave.
Columbus, OH
This e-mail address is also the place to send us your e-mail address if
you want to be added to our list of "subscribers" to be notified of any
future editions of the Labelling Guide.
The ToBI labelling system was originally developed to cover the three
most widely used varieties of spoken English -- namely, general American,
standard Australian, and southern British English. We do not claim to cover
other varieties. Indeed, we have already determined that ToBI proper does
not adequately cover many other British varieties such as the Glasgow dialect,
and modified variants need to be developed by users who want to use it
in transcribing utterances in these other dialects. By the same token,
we must stress that ToBI was not intended to cover any language other than
English, although we endorse the adoption of the basic principles in developing
transcriptions systems for other languages, particularly languages that
are typologically similar to English. More general comments about using
the ToBI system for other dialects of English or about adapting ToBI labelling
principles to develop comparable systems for the transcription of other
languages may also be addressed to the tobi e-mail address listed above
for forwarding to appropriate interested members of the larger ToBI group.Praat脚本编程中文教程：主窗口对象的选择
分类：　标签：Praat脚本,Praat中文教程,Praat编程 11:55　　　 | 阅读（141）| 评论（0）
此节教程我们来学习Praat对象的选中、单选、多选、取消选择等多种对象选择方法。假设我有三个文件：【Audio_One.wav】、【Audio_Two.wav】和【Audio_Three.wav】，我已经将它们加载进Praat里面，如下图所示：可以看到，现在图中选中的是第一个音频文件，我们要可以通过脚本来依次选中第二个、第三个文件进行播放，脚本如下：selectObject:&2
Play这是选中第二个音频并播放的脚本，我们还可以选中第三个：selectObject:&&Sound&Audio_Three&
Play可能有些人注意到了，我们要选中第二个和选中第三个音频时都是通过【selectObject】命令进行的，不同的是后面的参数不一样。上述两个例子说明，我们选中一个对象可以通过ID来进行选择，也可以通过文件名来进行选择。注意：图中的ID是由Praat自动生成的，你每加入一个对象，它都会在原有列表上自动加1来对下一个文件进行编号，即使您移除了一个对象，那后续加载进来的还是会继续增加，而不会重复使用已经使用的ID。如：您在上图的状态下，再加载一个音频进来，那么加载进来的这个音频ID会被命名为“4”，这时，您把“4”从窗口对象中移除，再加载一个音频进来，那新加载进来的音频不会去填补你已经移除的ID“4”，而是会继续编号为“5”，这时窗口中的ID只有“1，2，3，5”。如果您加载进来的音频文件有同名的，比如您加载了两个【Audio_Three.wav】进来，那列表中的对象就有“1.Sound Audio_One、2.Sound Audio_Two、3.Sound Audio_Three、4.Sound Audio_Three”,如果您使用【selectObject: &Sound Audio_Three&】命令来选择“Audio_Three”文件的话，它不会选中ID为3的那个文件，而是会选中ID为4的文件，也就是说，对于同名文件，默认会选中列表中最后的那一个。鉴于以上所述：如果通过ID来进行选择，如果中间有断开的ID序列，我们就不能确定下一个ID是什么；如果通过文件名进行选择，如果有同名文件，我们就有可能选不到我们想要的文件。所以，我们在选中对象时就应该权衡一下我们应该使用何种方式来进行选择。选中多个对象:如上图所示的，我们当前是选中第一个对象，当我们用鼠标在第一个对象中点下，按住鼠标不放，一直往下拖，我们会同时选中第二个、第三个对象……也就是我们往下拖时，对象列表中有多个文件，拖到第几个文件就会选中连续的N的文件。如上图所示的，我们当前是选中第一个对象，当我们按下键盘上的【ctrl】键，再用鼠标点击一下第三个文件，我们就选中了第一和第三这两个文件，通过【ctrl】键我们可以选择多个不连续的文件。在编写脚本时，有时需要同时选中多个文件进行操作，但我们总不能在脚本运行过程中拿鼠标去选择吧？在Praat中，同样也提供了多文件选中的命令给我们【plusObject】，后面跟的参数和【selectObject】是一样的，可以是ID，也可以是文件名：plusObject:&3如果我们的初始状态是如上图一样，那运行上面这句脚本后会选中第一和第三个文件。您还可以继续使用该命令增加选中的对象。此命令是在不更改当前选中的情况下增加选中对象的，我们还可以使用【selectObject】来一次性选中我们想要选择的对象：selectObject:1,3或者：selectObject:&Sound&Audio_One&,&Sound&Audio_Three&后面同样是跟上ID或者文件名，多个ID或文件名用英文逗号隔开。取消对象的选择：当我们选中了一个或多个对象，这时可能根据实际需要又要不选中某个对象，Praat给我们提供了命令【minusObject】，后面参数同样跟上ID或者文件名。如果我们上图中现在上同时选中了三个对象，我们执行如下脚本：minusObject:&2这时你会看到第二个文件变成了未选中的状态。通过对象变量进行文件的选择：对象变量：其实就是前面我们所说的变量，但这里的变量不同于前面的字符串变量和数值变量，这个就是存储的是对象窗口中的一个对象，通过此变量我们可以对列表中的对象进行操作。通过对象变量来操作对象，我们可以不必知道它的ID的文件名，只要变量没有被重新赋值，那它始终会代表着那个对象。初始状态如上图所示，我们来执行如下脚本命令：soundObj1&=&Create&Sound&as&pure&tone:&&NewAudio&,1,&0,&1,&4,&0.2,&0.01,&0.01
soundObj2&=&Create&Sound&as&pure&tone:&&NewAudio&,1,&0,&1,&4,&0.2,&0.01,&0.01
selectObject:&soundObj1我们通过【Create Sound as pure tone】命令来创建了一个音频，但你要注意的是在创建命令的前面还有【soundObj1 =】，这个代表了我们将创建的音频赋值给变量“soundObj1”，下一句我们通过“selectObject”后面跟上变量名的形式进行选择。上面例子中，我们创建两个音频，都命名为“NewAudio”，或者通过一系列的操作，我们也不知道新创建的这两个音频的ID会是多少了，这时我们无法通过ID或文件名选择我们想要选中的对象。但我们通过【selectObject: soundObj1】命令可以很准确地选中我们创建的第一个音频，因为“soundObj1”变量所指向的对象就是第一个命令所创建的音频对象。最后说明一点：我们通过文件名进行选择时，要把文件类型一并带上。我们知道Praat的对象有很多种类型，如果音频对象Sound、基频对象Pitch、标注对象TextGrid、音强对象Intensity等等。例如我们把“Audio_One”转换为基频对象，这时窗口中会多出一个“Pitch Audio_One”的对象，我们通过文件名选择时要把Pitch文件类型也带上：selectObject:&Pitch&Audio_One&关于选中和取消选中，你们可以自己试着执行不同的命令看一下不同的效果，本节教程就到此结束。
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