求一篇关于建筑方面的英文文献_百度知道
求一篇关于建筑方面的英文文献
求一篇关于建筑方面的英文文献，最好含中文翻译，
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关于“Modern Architecture”的Modern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions. Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, &Dark satanic mills& of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron an possibly the best exampl哗迹糕克蕹久革勋宫魔e is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant Style By the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984. Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors a floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as &machines for living&, but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was &bored with the box.& Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a &style& that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin &At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion.& At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question &Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?& In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of &air rights&,[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to &sever& the Park Avenue streetscape and &tarnish& the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and the builders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede I however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re- and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and instit residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.
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stability. The content of matrine and oxymatrine in Sophora fl**escens Ait, and repeatability is ideal, convenientObjective to investigate the chromatography specific operation method in the determination of the content of matrine and oxymatrine in Sophora fl**escens Ait and the feasibility of the ** performance liquid.65%, relative standard deviation -RSD is 1; the **erage content of oxymatrine was 2, stability, the experimental operation is simple, and the recovery rate, the relative standard deviation of -RSD is 1.083% is obtained. To establish a HPLC method for the content of matrine and oxymatrine in Sophora fl**escens ait by traditional Chinese medicine were measured.79%.28%, experimental study, repro**cibility, and the experimental method of the precision. Conclusion using ** performance liquid chromatography was measured, has the good application value in the content determination of matrine in Kushen Oxymatrine and matrine. Results of samples containing matrine in Sophora fl**escens **erage content of 0. And the use of ** performance liquid chromatography of matrine in matrine and Oxymatrine were determined with good precision, good stability, ** accuracy, repro**cibility
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姓名 Houkai Wei．题目Progross of Western China Development Drive and Evaluation of the Results[J]．发表刊物China﹠World Economy,时间2004．第几期(5)：页数37~45
且我要能下载下来，好的悬赏100金币，我忙活了一年多才有300金币也是拼了血本的了各位大侠鼎力相助啊
有很多的话，将给予最优的，都学经济学的，我想也明白这一点
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不好意思，哥们我都悬赏了，就不想在买来看了。不然就没金币了
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对不起诸位，我最近比较忙，英文我不要了。我没时间整这玩意儿
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我都悬赏一百了为何还设置收费呢，论文我不要了，不过仍然谢谢你参与
论坛好贴推荐求助一篇或两篇外文文献和外文翻译，（外文加翻译好的）我的题目是关于XX地区企业会计监督的探讨，帮我找一篇和该题目相关的外文文献和外文翻译，在下万分感谢。注意：（作者一定_百度作业帮
拍照搜题，秒出答案
求助一篇或两篇外文文献和外文翻译，（外文加翻译好的）我的题目是关于XX地区企业会计监督的探讨，帮我找一篇和该题目相关的外文文献和外文翻译，在下万分感谢。注意：（作者一定
求助一篇或两篇外文文献和外文翻译，（外文加翻译好的）我的题目是关于XX地区企业会计监督的探讨，帮我找一篇和该题目相关的外文文献和外文翻译，在下万分感谢。注意：（作者一定要是国外学者，不能是中国作者的，相关度要高点哦）我的邮箱是
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