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医学英语中的医学术语翻译技巧分析
来源： 联系QQ： 作者： 佚名 来源： 网络 发布时间： 12/02/20
摘要：文章中主要是针对医学英语中的一些医学术语的翻译技巧进行了详细的阐述与分析，并就词义对翻译技巧的影响提出了自己的论点。
x医学英语中的医学术语翻译技巧分析&摘要 本文论述了在翻译过程中需要词义转移，词义引申，词语的搭配，同类词区别使用方法，正确挑选出准确的医学术语。对快速传递信息，准确无误翻译起着十分重要的作用&关键词 医学英语 词义选择 翻译技巧&随着我国医学事业的发展，对外学术交流日趋增加。在翻译医学文献时，医学专业术语是其中的拦路虎，选择词义起着极其重要的作用。1医学英语的词义选择在英语中，某些普通词汇用作医学术语时具有特定的含义，甚至同一个常用词在不同的专业中代表不同的概念。翻译时，一定要特别注意这些词汇。若按普通词义无从解释，就要依据上下文，考虑其在医学英语中的特殊含义。如：例1：In such cases，heart murmur is often present.说明：这个murmur不是日常生活中的“低沉声”，而是医学术语“杂音”。译文：这类病历常常出现心脏杂音。例2：Lymph nodes are enlarged but are not tender.说明：这个tender不应理解为“嫩的”，应为“有触痛的”。译文：淋巴结肿大，但无触痛。上述两例可以看出，有些普通英语词汇在医学英语中具有特别含义。在翻译过程中，按词典上的普通释义解释不通，就应该考虑它是否在医学领域有特定的语义；否则，容易造成“死译”，或者导致“误译”。2医学英语的翻译技巧2.1翻译中要注意词义的转移例1：The blood concentration of urea and other nitrogenouscompound steadily rises.误译：血液中尿素和其他含氮化合物的集中不断上升。应译：血液中尿素和其他含氮化合物的浓度不断上升。例2：We have already learnt special surgery.误译：我们已经学过特殊的外科学。应译：我们已经学过外科学各论。例3：He will perform an operation on her for a diseased lung.误译：他要为她病变的肺进行操作。应译：他要为她病变的肺做手术。2.2翻译中要注意词义的引申和词语的搭配（1）根据词性和上下文来确定词的引申义：例1：The temperature will fall to normal within 48 hours.译文：体温将在48小时内降为正常。(fall：动词，下降)例2：Some patients respond with a fall in blood pressure.译文：某些病人的反应是血压下降。(fall：名词，下降)例3：The child fell ill this morning.译文：今天早晨孩子病了。(fall：系动词，变得)（2）根据词语的搭配来确定词义：例1：This medicine is used to move bowels.译文：此药用于通便。例2：The patient has loose bowels as often as every 12 times 30minutes.译文：患者腹泻，多达每30分钟12次。例3：Heavy smoking greatly increased the probability of havinglung cancer.译文：抽烟过多会大大增加患肺癌的可能性。2.3词义的抽象化引申和具体化引申在词典上找不到合适的词义，如果逐词“死译”，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切地表达原文的意义，甚至导致错误。这时只能根据上下文和逻辑关系，从一个词或词组的基本意义出发，进一步引申词义，选择能反映原意的汉语表达。（1）抽象化引申：用比较笼统、概括的词替代原文中比较实在、具体的词。例1：He is only nineteen and the baby in the ward.误译：他只有19岁，是病房里的婴儿。应译：他只有19岁，是病房里最年轻的。例2：Application of laser in medicine is still in its infancy.误译：激光在医学中的应用仍处于婴儿期。应译：激光在医学中的应用仍处于发展的初期。例3：A woman with child came tosee her doctor.误译：一位带着孩子的妇女来看病。应译：一位孕妇来看病。（2）具体化引申：用含义比较明确、具体的词替代原文中比较笼统、概括的词。例1：The book is perhaps to be high-powered for nurses in general.误译：此书对于一般护士来说也许功率过大。应译：此书对于一般护士来说也许内容过于艰深。例2：Some organisms are inoculated through the skin by bitinginsects.误译：有些病菌通过昆虫叮咬接种入皮肤。应译：有些病菌通过昆虫叮咬穿过皮肤进入体内。例3：Cancer is the second greatest killer in the United States.误译：癌症是美国占第二位的杀手。应译：癌症是美国占第二位的致死性疾病。2.4同类词的区别使用（1）疾病类词语：疾病在人的一生中都会出现，医学英语表达的形式多种多样，因而在翻译时应确切理解词义，译出词语真正表达的疾病。例：①disease泛指多种疾病，与illness同义。M ensles，mumps andinfluenza are common disease.麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和流行性感冒是普通疾病。②illness与sickness多指笼统的疾病，sickness更带感情色彩，也指呕吐。The car caused the child sickness.轿车使那个孩子呕吐。③ailment指“小病、失调”，与illness同义，但illness更普通。He often complains about his ailments.他常抱怨他的小病。④disorder一般指小病，如身心机能失调等，但有时也指体内器官的病Eating too much can cause a stomach disorder.吃得太多会使胃不舒服。⑤malady指各种疾病，又指社会的病态，为文学用词。Whoopingcough is a commoninfant malady.百日咳是一种小儿常见病。（2）药物类词语：药品种类繁多，表达方式各异。英语中有许多表示“药”的词，但在用法上有所区别。例：①medicine指治疗疾病的具体药物，除指内服药外，还指对健康有益的其他疗法。remedy既指内服药，又可指外敷药。常指有益于恢复健康的东西或方法。The best remedy foroverweight is careful dieting.身体过重的最佳疗法是注意饮食。②tablet药片；Take two tablets after lunch.饭后服两片药。pill药丸；Bitter pills have effects.苦药有效。powder药粉；The doctor gave himsome powders to take.医生给他几包药粉服用。lotion药水；Pleasegive me some lotions.请给我些药水。③drug可指任何用于治疗目的的药物，狭义指麻醉剂。在美国用复数形式表示“毒品”。He hasdeveloped an addiction to drugs.他养成了吸毒的坏习惯。（3）治疗类词语：①cure；heal；treat；cure表示治疗、医治的意思，在现代英语中，多指药对疾病有效，治愈疾病，使人恢复健康。The physician cur
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1)&&medical terminology
Design and realization of medical terminology bilingu
《医学术语双语学习软件》的设计与实现
Along with the social development,more and more medical terminology has broken through the special- ized limitation gradually,has merged with the commonly used language glossary,has stepped onto the universalized path,which is called generalization of the medicine terminology.
医学术语是医学领域里的专门用语,用来指称医学领域的事物、现象、特性、关系和过程等,一般仅在医学专业范围内通行使用。
2)&&medical terminology
医学术语学
Necessity and feasibility of medical terminology course in higher medical schools in C
试论国内医学院校开设医学术语学必修课的必要性与可行性
3)&&English medical terminology
英语医学术语学
The importance of medical terminology for health professionals is indisputable, but when it comes to the learning of English medical terminology, it is quite often regarded as a boring, time-consuming and seemingly rewardless effort.
我国目前的英语医学术语学习课程大多数都是采用教室内面对面授课的形式，纸质的课本仍然是最主要的教学媒介。
4)&&Forensic medicine term
法医学术语
Forensic medicine terms in the si
隐喻映射下的法医学术语
5)&&Medical terms are used by doctors.
医生用医学术语。
6)&&medical English term
医学英语术语
补充资料：医学术语和名称英文缩略语
&&&&&&&&&& 医学术语和名称英文缩略语A:adrenalin　肾上腺素A:aortic second sound　主动脉瓣第二音AA:amino acid　氨基酸AA:aplastic anemia　再生障碍性贫血Ab:antibody　抗体ABE:acute bacterial endocarditis&&急性细菌性心内膜炎ACD:anemia of chronic disease　慢性病贫血ACE:angiotensin converting enzyme　 血管紧张素转化酶A cell:accessory cell　辅佐细胞（免疫）ACh:acetylcholine　乙酰胆碱（神经递质）AChE:acetycholinesterase　乙酰胆碱脂酶 AChR:acetylcholine receptor　乙酰胆碱受体ACTH:adrenocorticotropic hormone　促肾上腺皮质激素 ACV:acyclovir　无环鸟苷（抗病毒药）AD:autosomal dominant　常染色体显性AD:Alzheimer's disease　阿尔茨海默氏病ADA:adenosine deaminase　腺苷脱氨酶ADCC:antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity　抗体依赖性细胞介导细胞毒作用ADD:attention deficit disorder　注意缺陷障碍（即多动综合征）ADH:antidiuretic hormone　抗利尿激素ADP:adenosine diphosphate　二磷酸腺苷ADR:adverse drug reaction　药物不良反应AFB:acid-fast bacilli　抗酸杆菌AFP:alpha fetoprotein　甲胎蛋白AG:anion gap　阴离子间隙A/G:albumin/globulin ratio　白/球蛋白比率Ag:antigen　抗原 AGL:acute granulocytic leukemia 急性粒细胞白血病AGN:acute glomerulonephritis　急性肾小球肾炎AHF:antihemophilic factor　抗血友病因子AI:aortic insufficiency　主动脉瓣关闭不全AI:artificial insemination　人工授精AID:artificial insemination with doner's semen　非配偶间人工授精AIDS:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 　获得性免疫缺陷综合征，艾滋病AIH:artificial insemination with husband's semen配偶间人工授精AIHA:autoimmune hemolytic anemia　自身免疫性溶血性贫血 AISN:acute interstitial nephritis 急性间质性肾炎AKP:alkaline phosphatase　碱性磷酸酶Ala:alanine　丙氨酸ALA:aminolevulinic acid　氨基酮戊酸（卟啉前体）ALD:aldolase　醛缩酶ALG:antilymphocyte globulin　抗淋巴细胞球蛋白ALL:acute lymphoblastic leukemia　急性淋巴细胞白血病ALP:alkaline phosphatase　碱性磷酸酶ALS:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 　肌萎缩性侧索硬化症ALS:antilymphocyte serum　抗淋巴细胞血清ALT:alanine aminotransferase&&&&丙氨酸转氨酶（即SGPT）AML:acute myeloblastic leukemia 　急性原粒细胞性白血病 AMMOL:acute myelomonoblastic leukemia 急性髓单核细胞性白血病 AMOL:acute monoblastic leukemia 急性单核细胞性白血病AMS:acute mountain sickness　急性高山病AMS:atypical measles syndrome　非典型麻疹综合征AMY:amylase　淀粉酶AN:analgesic nephritis　止痛药肾炎ANA:antinuclear antibody　抗细胞核抗体ANP:atrial natriuretic peptide　心房利钠肽（即心钠素）Anti-HBc:antibody to hepatitis B core antigen 抗乙型肝炎核心抗体Anti-HBe:antibody to hepatitis B e antigen　抗乙型肝炎e抗体Anti-HBs:antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen抗乙型肝炎表面抗体（即AuAg）ANUG:acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis　急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎AP:alternate pathway　旁路途径（补体活化） APB:atrial premature beat　房性期前收缩APC:antigen-presenting cell　抗原呈递细胞APC:acute pharyngoconjunctival fever　急性咽结合膜热APP:acute-phase protein　急性期蛋白APRT:adenine phosphoribosyltransferase　腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（嘌呤回收途径）APTT:activated partial thromboplastin time　活化部分凝血活酶时间APUD:amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation胺前体摄取和脱羧（细胞） AR:aortic regurgitation　主动脉反流AR:autosomal recessive　常染色体隐性ARA-A:adenine arabinoside　阿糖腺苷（抗病毒药）ARA-C:cytosine arabinoside　阿糖胞苷（抗癌药）ARAS:ascending reticular activation system　上行网状激活系统ARC:AIDS-related complex　艾滋病相关复合征ARD:acute respiratory disease　急性呼吸道病ARDS:adult respiratory distress syndrome　成人呼吸窘迫综合征 ARF:acute renal failure　急性肾功能衰竭ARF:acute rheumatic fever　急性风湿热AS:aortic stenosis　主动脉瓣狭窄AS:ankylosing spondylitis　强直性脊柱炎Arg:arginine　精氨酸ASA:acetylsalicylic acid　乙酰水杨酸ASD:Alzheimer's senile dementia 　阿尔茨海默氏老年性痴呆ASD:atrial septal defect　房间隔缺损Asn:asparagine　天门冬酰胺ASO:antistreptolysin O　抗链球菌（溶血）素 OAsp:aspartic acid　天门冬氨酸AST:aspartate aminotransferase　天门冬氨酸转氨酶（即SGOT）AT:angiotensin　血管紧张素ATL:adult T cell leukemia　成人T细胞白血病ATN:acute tubular necrosis　急性肾小管坏死ATP:adenosine triphosphate　三磷酸腺苷AuAg:Australia antigen　澳大利亚抗原(即Anti-HBs)，澳抗AUC:area under concentration curve　药－时曲线下面积AV:atrioventricalar　房室AV:arteriovenous　动静脉AVF:(augmented voltage，left leg) 加压单极左腿导联AVL:(augmented voltage，left arm) 加压单极左臂导联AVM:arteriovenous malformation　动静脉畸形 AV node:atrioventricular node　房室结AVP:arginine vasopressin　精氨酸加压素AVR:(augmented voltage，right arm)　加压单极右臂导联AZT:azidothymidine　叠氮脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷BAEP:brain-stem auditory evoked potential 脑干听觉诱发电位BAL:British anti-lewisite(dimercaprol)　英国抗路易士毒气剂（二巯基丙醇）BBB:bundle branch block　束支传导阻滞BBB:blood-brain barrier　血脑屏障BBP:bedside blood purification　床边血液净化BBT:basal body temperature　基础体温B cell:bone marrow-derived lymphocyte 骨髓源淋巴细胞BCG:bacillus Calmette-Guérin　卡介苗BCNU:bis-chloroethyl-nitrosourea　氯乙亚硝脲，卡氮芥（抗癌药）BE:base excess　剩余碱BEAM:brain electrical activity mapping　脑电位分布图BEE:basal energy expenditure　基础能量消耗量 BK:bradykinin　缓激肽BME:biomedical engineering　生物医学工程BMF:bone marrow failure　骨髓功能衰竭BMI:body mass index 体重指数（以体表面积为基数）BMP:bone morphogenic protein　骨形态形成蛋白BMR:basal metabolic rate　基础代谢率BMT:bone marrow transplantation　骨髓移植BP:blood pressure　血压BPH:benign prostatic hypertrophy　良性前列腺肥大Bq:becquerel　伯克（放射强度单位）BRM:biological response modulator 生物反应调节剂BSA:body surface area　体表面积BSP:bromsulphalein　酚四溴肽磺酸钠，磺溴肽钠（肝功能试验）BT:bleeding time　出血时间BUN:blood urea nitrogen　血尿素氮C:complement　补体CABG:coronary artery bypass grafting　冠状动脉旁路移植术CAD:coronary artery disease　冠状动脉病CAD:computer-aided diagnosis　计算机辅助诊断CAH:congenital adrenal hyperplasia　先天肾上腺增生cAMP:cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环一磷酸腺苷CAPD:continuous ambulatory peritnoeal dialysis　持续性非卧床式腹膜透析CAT:calcium antagonist　钙拮抗剂CAVH:continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration　连续动静脉血液滤过CAVHD:continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis 　连续动静脉血液透析CAVHP:continuous arteriovenous hemoperfusion　连续动静脉血液灌流CAVP:continuous arteriovenous plasmapheresis　连续动静脉血浆换出CBC:complete blood count　全部血细胞计数CBF:cerebral blood flow　脑血流量CCK-PZ:cholecystokinin-pancreozymin 缩胆囊素－促胰酶素CCNU:cyclohexyl-chloroethyl-nitrosourea 氯乙环己亚硝脲（抗癌药）CCU:cardiac care unit　心脏病监护中心CD:cluster of differentiation 免疫细胞表面分化抗原CDC:U.S.Centers for Disease Control 美国疾病监控中心C dyn:dynamic compliance　动态顺应性CEA:carcinoembryonic antigen　癌胚抗原CEI:converting enzyme inhibitor　转化酶抑制剂CEP:chronic eosinophilic pneumonia　慢性嗜酸细胞增多性肺炎CF:complement fixation　补体结合CF:chemotactic factor　趋化因子CF:cystic fibrosis　囊性纤维化CFU:colony forming unit　集落形成单位CGD:chronic granulomatous disease　 慢性肉芽肿病CGL:chronic granulocytic leukemia 慢性粒细胞白血病CH:compromized host　免疫力低下寄主C:constant domain of heavy chain　重链稳定区(免疫球蛋白)CHD:coronary heart disease　冠心病CHF:congestive heart failure　充血性心力衰竭CHO:carbohydrate　碳水化合物，糖CI:cardiac index　心脏指数Ci:curie　居里（放射强度单位）CIC:circulating immune complex　循环免疫复合物CIE:countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis　对流免疫电泳CIS:carcinoma in situ　原位癌CISN:chronic interstitial nephritis 　慢性间质性肾炎CK:creatine kinase　肌酸激酶Cl:clearance　清除率C:constant domain of light chain　轻链稳定区(免疫球蛋白)CLL:chronic lymphocytic leukemia　慢性淋巴细胞白血症C(L+T):compliance of lungs and thorax&&肺-胸廓顺应性CMG:cystometrogram　膀胱压力容积曲线CMI:cell-mediated immunity　细胞介导免疫CML:chronic myelogenons leukemia　慢性髓细胞白血病CMV:cytomegalovirus　巨细胞病毒CNS:central nervous system　中枢神经系统CO:cardiac output　心输出量CoA:coenzyme A　辅酶ACOCP:COcombining power　二氧化碳结合力COMT:catechol-O-methyltransferase 儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶COPD:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease　慢性阻塞性肺疾病CP:classic pathway　经典途径（补体活化）CP:cor pulmonale　肺原性心脏病CPAP:continuous positive airway pressure　呼吸道持续正压结氧CPCR:cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation　心肺脑复苏CPDD:cis-platinum-diamino dichloride　顺铂CPPV:continuous positive pressure ventilation 　连续正压通气结氧 CPR:cardiopulmonary resuscitation　心肺复CPZ:chlorpromazine　氯丙嗪 Cr:creatinine　肌酐CR:complement receptor　补体受体CREST:calcinosis，Raynaud's　phenomenon，esophageal dysfunction， sclerodactyly，telangiectasia 钙质沉着－雷诺氏现象－食管功能失调－硬皮病指（趾）－毛细管扩张（综合征） CRF:chronic renal failure　慢性肾功能衰竭CRP:C-reactive protein　C反应蛋白CSD:cat&&scratch disease　猫抓病CSF:cerebrospinal fluid　脑脊液 CSF:colony stimulating factor　集落刺激因子C stat:static compliance　静态顺应性CT:calcitonin　降钙素CT:computed tomography　电子计算机断层成像CT:clotting time　凝血时间CTL:cytotoxic T lymphocyte　细胞毒T淋巴细胞CTX:cytoxan　环磷酰胺CV:closing volume　闭合容积CVA:cerebrovascular accident　脑血管意外CVID:common variable immunoglobulin deficiency 常见变异性免疫缺陷CVP:central venous pressure中央静脉压CWP:coal worker's pneumoconiosis　煤矿工人尘肺Cys:cysteine　半胱氨酸D:ergocalciferol　麦角骨化醇（维生素D）D:cholecalciferol　胆骨化醇（维生素D）1,25-(OH)D:1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol&&1,25-双羟胆骨化醇DAG:diacylglycerol　甘油二脂D&C:dilatation ＆ curettage　刮宫DDS:diaminodiphenylsulfone　氨苯砜DDT:dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane　滴滴涕DDVP:dichlorvos　敌敌畏DEC:diethylcarbamazine　乙胺嗪(海群生，抗丝虫药)DES:diethylstilbestrol　乙烯雌酚DF:differentiation factor　分化因子DHEA:dehydroepiandrosterone　脱氢表雄甾酮DHT:dihydrotestosterone　二氢睾丸酮DI:diabetes insipidus　尿崩症DIC:disseminated intravascular coagulation　弥漫性血管内凝血DIP:distal interphalangeal　远指间（关节）DIT:diiodotyrosine　二碘酪氨酸DJD:degenerative joint disease　退行性关节病（即骨性关节病）DKA:diabetic ketoacidosis　糖尿病酮症酸中毒DLE:discoid lupus erythromatosus　盘状红斑狼疮DM:diabetes mellitus　糖尿病DM:dermatomyositis　皮肌炎DNA:deoxyribonucleic acid　脱氧核糖核酸DOC:11-deoxycorticosterone　11-脱氧皮质酮Dopa:dihydroxyphenylalanine　 二羟苯丙氨酸，多巴DP:diastolic pressure　舒张压DP:discharge precautions　排出物隔离DPG:diphosphoglyceric acid　二磷酸甘油酸DPN:diphosphopyridine nucleotide　二磷酸吡啶核苷酸（同NAD，即辅酶I）DSA:digital substraction angiography　数字减影血管造影DSCG:disodium cromoglycate　色甘酸钠（过敏反应介质阻释药）DSH:deliberate self harm　蓄意自伤DSM:Dignostic nd Sttisticl Mnul of Mentl Disorders　《精神障碍诊断统计手册》DST:dexamethasone suppression test　地塞米松抑制试验DT:delirium tremens　震颤谵妄DTH:delayed-type hypersensitivity　迟发过敏DTIC:dimethyl imidazole carboxamide 氮烯咪胺（抗癌药）DTP:diphtheria tetanus pertussis　白喉－破伤风－百日咳（三联疫苗）DUB:dysfunctional uterine bleeding　功能失调性子宫出血DVT:deep vein thrombosis　深静脉血栓形成D/W:dextrose in water　葡萄糖液E:enzyme　酶E:estrone　雌酮E:estradiol　雌二醇E:estriol　雌三醇EABV:effective arterial blood volume　有效动脉血容量EACA:epsilon-aminocaproic acid　6-氨基己酸（纤溶酶激活剂抑制药）EAC-rosette:erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosette　红细胞－抗体－补体玫瑰花结EAE:experimental allergic encephalomyelitis 　实验性变应性脑脊髓炎EBA:epidermolysis bullosa acquisita 　获得性大疱性表皮松解症EBP:eosinophilic basic protein　嗜酸细胞碱性蛋白EBV:Epstein-Barr virus　爱泼斯坦－巴尔二氏病毒ECF:extracellular fluid　细胞外液ECF-A:eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis 　过敏反应嗜酸细胞趋化因子ECG:electrocardiogram　心电图ECHO:echocardiography　　超声心动图ECHOvirus:enteric cytopathogenic human orphan virus　人类肠道细胞病变孤儿病毒ECM:external cardiac massage　胸外心脏按压ECM:erythema chronicum migrans 慢性游走性红斑(见LD)ECT:electroconvulsive therapy 　电惊厥疗法，电抽搐疗法（即电休克疗法）ECT:emission computed tomography　发射计算机断层成像EDD:expected date of delivery　预产期EDTA:ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid 依地酸(金属解毒药)EEG:electroencephalogram　脑电图EF:ejection fraction　射血分数EFA:essential fatty acid　必需脂肪酸EGD:esophagogastroduodenoscopy　食管胃十二指肠镜检EGF:epidermal growth factor　表皮生长因子EGRI:enterogastric reflux index　肠胃反流指数EIA:enzyme immunoassay　酶免疫测定EKC:epidemic keratoconjunctivitis 流行性角结膜炎EKG:electrocardiogram　心电图ELISA:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附测验EM:electron microscope　电镜EMB:ethambutol　乙胺丁醇（抗结核药）EMG:electromyogram　肌电图EMSS:emergency medical service system 急诊医学勤务系统END:endorphin　内啡肽ENL:erythema nodosum leprosum　麻风结节性红斑(反应)ENT:ear，nose and throat　耳鼻喉EOP:endogeneous opioid peptide　内源性阿片肽EP:epinephrine　肾上腺素EP:electrophoresis　电泳EP:endogenous pyrogen　内源致热源EP:endorphin　内啡肽EP:enteric precautions　肠道隔离EPEC:enteropathogenic E.coli　肠致病性大肠杆菌EPO:erythropoietin　红细胞生成素（即REF）EPS:expressed prostatic secretion　前列腺按摩液ERCP:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography　内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影E-rosette:erythrocyte rosette　红细胞玫瑰花结ERP:effective refractory period　有效不应期 ERP:estrogen receptor protein　雌激素受体蛋白ERPF:effective renal plasma flow　有效肾血浆流量ERV:expiratory reserve volume　补呼气容积ESR:erythrocyte sedimentation rate　红细胞沉降率，血沉ESRD:end-stage renal disease　终期肾疾病ETEC:enterotoxigenic E.coli　产肠毒素大肠杆菌EXP:excretion precautions　排泄物隔离f:respiratory frequency　呼吸频率F:folic acid　叶酸Fab:antigen-binding fragment　抗原结合片断（免疫球蛋白）FAD:flavin adenine dinucleotide 　黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（黄酶辅基）FAS:fetal alcohol syndrome　胎儿酒精综合征Fc:crystalizable fragment 结晶片断（免疫球蛋白）FDA:U.S.Food and Drug Administration　美国食物药品局FDP:fibrinogen degradation products 　纤维蛋白降解产物FEV:forced expiratory volume in 1 second 第一秒用力呼气量FFA:free fatty acid　游离脂肪酸FFM:fat-free mass　不含脂肪物质FH:tetrahydrofolate　四氢叶酸FIA:fluoroimmunoassay　荧光免疫测定Flu:influenza　流行性感冒FMD:foot and mouth disease　口蹄疫FMF:familial mediterranean fever　家族性地中海热FMN:flavin mononucleotide 黄素单核苷酸(黄酶辅基)FMS:fibromyalgia syndrome　纤维肌痛综合征FN:fibronectin　纤维粘连蛋白FNA:fine needle aspiration biopsy　细针吸取活检FRC:functional residual capacity　功能残气量FSH:follicle-stimulating hormone　促滤泡激素FTA-ABS:fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption 　荧光螺旋体抗体吸收（试验） 5-FU:5-fluorouracil　5-氟尿嘧啶（抗癌药）FUO:fever of unknown origin　无明热FVC:forced vital capacity　用力肺活量G-:gram negative　革兰氏阴性G+:gram positive　革兰氏阳性GABA:gamma-aminobutyric acid　γ氨基丁酸GAG:glycosaminoglycan　糖氨聚糖（即粘多糖）Gal:galactose　半乳糖GALT:gut-associated lymphatic(lymphoid)tissue 　肠道相关淋巴组织GBS:Guillain-Barr syndrome 吉兰-巴雷二氏综合征GERD:gastroesophageal refux disease&&胃食管反流病GF:growth factor　生长因子GFR:glomerular filtration rate　肾小球过滤率GGT:gamma-glutamyl transferase　γ-谷氨酰转移酶GH:growth hormone　生长激素GI:gastrointestinal　胃肠GIP:gastric inhibitory peptide　抑胃肽Glc:glucose　葡萄糖Gln:glutamine　谷酰胺Glu:glutamic acid　谷氨酸Gluc:glucuronic acid　葡萄糖醛酸Gly:glycine　甘氨酸GN:glomerulonephritis　肾小球肾炎GN:glomerulonephropathy　肾小球肾病GNB:gram-negative bacilli　革兰氏阴性杆菌GnRH:gonadotropin-releasing hormone 促性腺激素释放激素GP:glycoprotein　糖蛋白G6PD:glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase　6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶GRH:GH-releasing hormone　生长激素释放激素GSD:glycogen storage disease　糖原贮积病GSH:glutathione(reduced)　谷胱甘肽（还原型）GSSG:glutathione(oxidized)　谷胱甘肽（氧化型）GTD:gestational trophoblastic diseases　妊娠性滋养细胞疾病GTT:glucose tolerance test　葡萄糖耐量试验GU:genitourinary　泌尿生殖GVH:graft-versus-host　移植物抗寄主（疾病）Gy:gray　戈瑞（放射吸收剂量）HA:hemagglutination　血细胞凝集HACE:high-altitude cerebral edema　高原脑水肿HACH:hypertensive atherosclerotic cerebral hemorrhage　高血压性动脉硬化性脑出血HAI:hemagglutination-inhibition　血凝抑制HA(N)E:hereditary angioneurotic edema 　遗传性血管神经性水肿HAPE:high-altitude pulmonary edema　高原肺水肿HAT:hypoxanthine，aminopterin，thymidine　次黄嘌呤－氨基蝶呤－胸腺嘧啶核苷（培养基）HAV:hepatitis A virus　甲型肝炎病毒HB:heart block　心传导阻滞HbA:adult hemoglobin　成人型血红蛋白HBcAg:hepatitis B core antigen　乙型肝炎核心抗原HBE:His bundle electrocardiogram　希氏束心电图HBeAg:hepatitis B eantigen　乙型肝炎e抗原HBIG:hepatitis B immune globulin　乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白HbF:fetal hemoglobin　胎儿型血红蛋白HbS:sickle hemoglobin 血红蛋白S,镰状细胞血红蛋白HBsAg:hepatitis B surface antigen 　乙型肝炎表面抗原HBV:hepatitis B virus　乙型肝炎病毒HCD:heavy chain disease　重链病hCG:human chorionic gonadotropin　人类绒毛膜促性腺激素HCL:hairy cell leukemia　毛细胞白血病HCT(Hct):hematatocrit　血细胞比容（即PCV）HCV:hepatitis C virus　丙型肝炎病毒HD:Hodgkin's disease　何杰金氏病，霍奇金氏病HD:hemodialysis　血液透析HDL:high-density liporotein　高密度脂蛋白HDN:hemolytic disease of newborn　新生儿溶血病HDV:hepatitis D virus　丁型肝炎病毒HE:hematoxylin eosin　苏木精伊红（染色剂）HE:hypertensive encephalopathy　高血压性脑病 HEV:hepatitis E virus　戊型肝炎病毒HF:hepatic failure　肝功能衰竭HF:Hageman factor　哈格曼氏因子（凝血因子）HF:hemorrhagic fever　出血热HFA:Health for All　“人人享受健康服务”HFRS:hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome　肾综合征出血热（即流行性出血热）HGG:human gamma globulin　人丙种球蛋白HGPRT:hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase　次黄嘌呤－鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（嘌呤回收途径）HHNK:hyperglycemic，hyperosmotic nonketotic coma高血糖高渗性非酮症性昏迷5-HIAA:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 　5-羟基吲哚乙酸（5-羟色胺脱氨产物）His:histidine　组氨酸HIV:human immunodeficiency virus　人类免疫缺陷病毒（即HTLV-和LAV，为AIDS 病原体）HLA:human leukocyte antigen　人白细胞抗原HLP:hyperlipoproteinemia　高脂蛋白血症HMG:human menopausal gonadotropin 人绝经期促性腺激素HMG-CoA:hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA　3-羟-3-甲基-戊二酰辅酶A（合成酮体和胆固醇的中间产物）HMM:hexamethymelamine　六甲密胺（抗癌药）HMP:hexose monophosphate　磷酸己糖（支路）HMWK:high molecular weight kininogen　高分子激肽原hnRNA:heterogeneous nuclear RNA　核异质核糖核酸HPA axis:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis　下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴HPETE:hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid 　氢过氧二十碳四烯酸（合成白细胞三烯的中间产物）HPV:human papilloma virus　人类乳头瘤病毒HR:heart rate　心率HS:heparin sulfate　硫酸肝素HSE:herpes simplex encephalitis　单纯疱疹脑炎HSP:Henoch-Schnlein purpura　享舍二氏紫癜（即过敏性紫癜）5-HT:5-hydroxytrptamine(serotnin)　5-羟色胺(血清素)HTLV:human T cell leukemia virus　人类 T细胞白血病病毒HTLV:human T lymphotropic virus　嗜人T淋巴细胞病毒（同前，另名）HU:hydroxyurea　羟基脲（抗癌药）HUS:hemolytic-uremic syndrome 　溶血性尿毒症综合征HVA:homovanillic acid 高香草酸（多巴胺代谢产物）HX:histiocytosis X　组织细胞增生症 XH-Y:histocompatibility antigen　组织相容性抗原Y（其结构基因位于Y染色体）HZ:herpes zoster　带状疱疹IBD:inflammatory bowel disease　炎症性肠道疾病IBS:irritable bowel syndrome　肠道激惹综合征IC:inspiratory capacity　深吸气量IC:immune complex　免疫复合物ICD:intracranial pressure　颅内压ICD:Interntionl Clssifiction of Diseses　国际疾病分类ICF:intracellular fluid　细胞内液ICG:indocyanine green 吲哚氰绿(试验)（肝排泌功能试验）ICS:immotile cilia syndrome　纤毛不动综合症ICU:intensive care unit　监护中心Id:idiotype　独特型ID:intradermal　皮内IDDM:insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus　胰岛素依赖性糖尿病IDL:intermediate-density lipoprotein　中等密度脂蛋白IDU:idoxuridine　碘苷，疱疹净（抗病毒药）IE:infective endocarditis　感染性心膜炎IEC:invasive E.coli　侵袭性大肠杆菌IEP:immunoelectrophoresis　免疫电泳IF:inhibiting factor　抑制因子IFA:immune fluorescence antibody　免疫荧光抗体IFA:indirect fluorescent antibody　间接荧光抗体IGF-1:insulin-like growth factor I　胰岛素样生长因子I（即SMC）IgG:immunoglobin G　G型免疫球蛋白IGT:impaired glucose tolerance　糖耐量低减IHA:indirect hemagglatination　间接血凝（试验）IL:interleukin　白细胞介素ILD:interstitial lung disease　肺间质病Ile:isoleucine　异亮氨酸IM:infectious mononucleosis 传染性单核细胞增多症IM:intramuscular　肌内IMD:immunologically mediated diseases 免疫机制介导疾病INH:isonicotinic acid hydrazide(isoniazid)　异烟肼INQ:index of nutritional quality　营养质量指标IPD:inflammatory pelvic disease　盆腔炎IPF:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 特发性肺间质纤维化IPH:idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis　特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症IPPV:intermittent positive pressure ventilation 间歇正压通气给氧IQ:intelligence quotient　智商Ir:immune response　免疫应答（基因）IRD:immune renal disease　免疫性肾病iRNA:informational RNA　信息核糖核酸IRV:inspiratory reserve volume　补吸气容积Is:immune suppressor　免疫抑制（基因）ISG:immune serum globulin　免疫血清球蛋白ITP:idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 特发性血小板减少性紫癜ITP:inosine triphosphate　三磷酸肌苷IU:international unit　国际单位IUD:intra-uterine device　宫内节育器IUI:intra-uterine insemination　宫腔内人工授精IV:intravenous　静脉内IVF:in vitro fertilization　体外受精IVP:intravenous pyelogram　静脉肾盂造影JCA:juvenile chronic arthritis　青年慢性关节炎JE:Japanese encephalitis　日本脑炎JEV:Japanese encephalitis vaccine　日本脑炎疫苗JGA:juxtaglomerular apparatus　近血管球复合体K cells:killer cells　杀伤细胞Kb:kilobase　纤碱基Km:Michaelis constant　米氏常数17-KS:17-ketosteroid　17-酮类固醇17-KGS:17-ketogenic steroid　17-生酮类固醇KS:Kaposi's hemorrhagic sarcoma 卡波济氏出血性肉瘤KUB:kidney，ureter,bladder　肾、输尿管及膀胱（平片）LABD:linear IgA bullous dermatosus　线状免疫球蛋白A大疱性皮肤病LAH:left anterior hemiblock　左前分支阻滞LAK cell:lymphokine activated killer cell 淋巴因子活化杀伤细胞LAT:latex agglutination test　乳胶凝集试验LATS:long-acting thyroid stimulator 长效甲状腺刺激素LAV:lymphadenopathy-associated virus　淋巴结病相关病毒（同HIV）LBM:lean body mass　不计脂肪体重LBW:low birth weight　低体重（儿）LC:Langerhan's cell 郎格汉斯氏细胞(皮肤免疫细胞)，郎格汉斯氏细胞（妊娠滋养细胞）LC:Langhans'cell　郎汉斯氏细胞多核巨细胞LCAR:late cutaneous allergic reactions　晚期变态反应性皮肤反应LCAT:lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase 　卵磷脂胆固醇乙酰基转移酶（催化胆固醇脂化）LCM:lymphocytic choriomeningitis　淋巴脉络丛脑膜炎LD:Lyme disease　莱姆病LD body:Leishman-Donovan body&&利士曼-多诺万二氏小体LD:median lethal dose　半数致死量LDCF:lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor　淋巴细胞趋化因子LDH:lactate dehydrogenase　乳酸脱氢酶LDL:low-density lipoprotein　低密度脂蛋白LE:lupus erythematosus　红斑狼疮Leu:leucine　亮氨酸LGA:large-for-gestational-age　大于胎龄（儿）LGV:lymphogranuloma venerum　性病性淋巴肉芽肿LH:leuteinizing hormone　黄体生成素LL:lepromatous leprosy　瘤型麻风LP:lumbar puncture　腰椎穿刺LPAM:1-phenylalanine mustard　左旋苯丙氨酸氮芥LPH:left posterior hemiblock　左后分支阻滞β-LPH:β-lipotropic hormone　β-促脂素LPL:lipoprotein lipase　脂蛋白脂酶LPS:lipopolysaccharide　脂多糖LRI:lower respiratory illness　下呼吸道病LS:life support　生命支持LSD:lysergic acid diethylamide　赖瑟酸二乙胺（致幻剂）LT:leukotriene　白细胞三烯LT:lymphotoxin　淋巴毒素LUF syndrome:luteinized-unruptured follicle syndrome　黄体化卵巢未破综合征LVSW:left ventricular stroke work　左心室每搏功Lyb:lymphocyte antigen on B cells　B淋巴细胞表面抗原（鼠）Lys:lysine　赖氨酸Lyt:lymphocyte antigen on T cells　T淋巴细胞表面抗原（鼠）βM:βmicroglobulin　β微球蛋白MAC:membrane attack complex 膜攻击复合物（补体活化产物）MAF:macrophage arming(activating)factor 巨噬细胞武装（活化）因子MAI:Mycobcterium vium-intrcellulre　鸟－胞内分支杆菌MAMA:midarm muscle area　中臂肌肉面积MAO:monoamine oxidase　单胺氧化酶MAOI:monoamine oxidase inhibitor　单胺氧化酶抑制药MBC:minimal bactericidal concentration　最低杀菌浓度MBC:maximal breathing capacity(MVV)　 最大换气量（同MVV）MBD:minimal brain damage　轻微脑损伤（即多动综合征）MBF:myocardial blood flow　心肌血流量MBP:myelin basic protein　髓鞘碱性蛋白MIP:maximal inspiratory pressure　最大吸气压力MCGN:mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎（同MPGN）MCH:mean corpuscular hemoglobin 平均红细胞血红蛋白含量MCHC:mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration　平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度MCLS:mucocutaneons lymph node syndrome　皮肤粘膜淋巴结综合征（即川崎氏病）MCNS:minimal change nephrotic syndrome　微小病变性肾病综合征MCP:metacarpophalangeal　掌指（关节）MCTD:mixed connective tissue disease　混合结缔组织病MCV:mean corpuscular volume　平均红细胞体积MD:muscular dystrophy　肌肉营养不良MDS:myelodysplastic syndrome　骨髓异常增生综合征MEA:multiple endocrine adenomatosis 多发性内分泌腺瘤（同MEN）MEFV:maximal expiratory flow volume 最大呼气流量MEN:multiple endocrine neoplasia　多发性内分泌腺瘤（同MEA）MET:metabolic equivalent　梅脱（代谢当量）Met:methione　甲硫氨酸，蛋氨酸MetHb:methemoglobin　高铁血红蛋白MF:myelofibrosis　骨髓纤维化MF:mycosis fungoides　蕈样霉菌病（即蕈样肉芽肿）MG:myasthenia gravis　重症肌无力MGN:membranous glomerulonephritis 膜性肾小球肾炎MHC:major histocompatibility complex　主要组织相容性复合物MI:mitral insufficiency　二尖瓣关闭不全MI:myooardial infarction　心肌梗死MIC:minimum inhibitory concentration　最低抑制浓度MIF:migration inhibitory factor&&(单核-巨噬细胞)移动抑制因子MIF:Mllerian inhibitory factor 米勒氏管抑制因子MIG:measles immune globulin　麻疹免疫球蛋白MIT:monoiodotyrosine　一碘酪氨酸MLD:minimum lethal dose　最小致死量MLR:mixed lymphocyte response　混合淋巴细胞反应MM:myeloid metaplasia　骨髓外化生MMEF:maximum mid-expiratory flow　最大呼气中期流量MMM:myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia 骨髓纤维化伴髓外化生MoAb:monoclonal antibody　单克隆抗体6-MP:mercaptopurine　6-巯基嘌呤（抗癌药）MPGN:membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 膜增殖性肾炎（同MCGN）MPO:myeloperoxidase　髓过氧化物酶MPS:mononuclear phagocyte system　单核吞噬细胞系统MPS:mucopolysaccharidoses　粘多糖病MR:mental retardation　精神发育迟滞MR:mitral regurgitation　二尖瓣反流MR:myelography　脊髓造影MRI:magnetic resonance imaging　磁共振成像MS:mitral stenosis　二尖瓣狭窄MS:multiple sclerosis　多发性硬化MSH:melanocyte-stimulating hormone　促黑素细胞激素，促黑素MSOF:multiple system organ failure　多发性系统器官衰竭MTP:metatarsophalangeal　跖趾（关节）MTX:methotrexate　氨甲蝶呤MVA:mevalonic acid　甲羟戊酸（合成胆固醇的中间代谢物）MVV:maximal voluntary ventilation 最大通气量（同MBC）m:macrophage　巨噬细胞N:neuraminidase　神经氨酸酶NA:noradrenaline　去甲肾上腺素NA:neutralizing antibody　中和抗体NAD:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(oxidized) 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（同DPN，即辅酶）NADP:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(oxidized)烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（同TPN，即辅酶）NARES:non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia 嗜酸细胞增多性非变应性鼻炎NBT:nitroblue tetrazolium　亚硝基蓝四氮唑NCF-A:neutrophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis　过敏反应嗜中性细胞趋化因子NDI:nephrogenic diabetes insipidus　肾源性尿崩症NE:norepinephrine　去甲肾上腺素NEC:nerotizing enterocolitis　坏死性小肠结肠炎NGU:nongonococcal urethritis　非淋病性尿道炎NIDDM:noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus　非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病NIH:U.S.National Institutes of Health 美国国立卫生研究所NK cell:natural killer cells　天然杀伤细胞NMR:nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振（同MRI）NPN:nonprotein nitrogen　非蛋白氮NPT:nocturnal penile tumescence　夜间阴茎勃起NREM:nonrapid-eye-movement　非快眼动（睡眠）NS:nephrotic syndrome　肾变综合征NSAID:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 非甾体抗炎药OA:osteoarthritis　骨性关节炎OA:orotic acid　乳清酸（合成嘧啶的中间产物）OAF:osteoclast activating factor　破骨细胞活化因子OC:oral contraceptive　口服避孕药OCG:oral cholecystography　口服造影剂胆囊造影OGTT:oral glucose tolerance test　口服糖耐量试验17-OH CS:17-hydroxycorticosteroid　17-羟皮质类固醇OLD:obstructive lung disease　阻塞性肺疾病OPV:oral(live attenuated virus)polio&&vaccine(Sabin)　口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（萨宾氏）ORS:oral rehydration solution　口服补水溶液OS:opening snap　开瓣音OT:old tuberculin　旧结核菌素OTC:over-the-counter　非处方（药），柜台（药）P:atrial deploration(ECG wave)　心房除极波（心电图）P:proline　脯氨酸-p:short arm of chromosome　染色体短臂P:properdin　备解素（补体活化旁路途径）P:pulmonic second sound　肺动脉瓣第二音PA:pernicous anemia　恶性贫血PCO:arterial carbon dioxide pressure　动脉血三氧化碳分压PAF:platelet-activating factor　血小板活化因子PAH:para-aminohippurate 对氨基马尿酸（肾血浆流量测定）PAM:pyridine aldoxime methiodide&&解磷定（有机磷解毒药）PAM:primary amebic meningoencephalitis　原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎PAM:pulmonary alveolar macrophage　肺泡巨噬细胞PAN:polyarteritis nodosa　结节性多动脉炎PCO:arterial oxygen pressure　动脉血氧分压PO:alveolar oxygen pressure　肺泡氧分压PAP:prostatic acid phosphatase　前列腺酸性磷酸酶Pap:Papanicolaou　巴氏（染色）（找瘤细胞）PAS:para-aminosalicylic acid　对位氨基水杨酸PAS:periodic acid-Schiff(reaction)　过碘酸希夫氏（反应）PAWP:pulmonary arterial wedge pressure　肺小动脉嵌顿压PBC:primary biliary cirrhosis 原发性胆汁性肝硬变PBG:porphobilinogen　卟吩胆色素原PBI:protein-bound iodine　蛋白结合碘PC:phosphatidylcholine　磷脂酰胆碱PCA:passive cutaneous anaphylaxis 被动皮肤过敏反应PCD:plasma cell dyscrasia　浆细胞病PCG:phonocardiography　心音图PCH:paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria　阵发性寒冷性血红蛋白尿PCM:protein-calorie malnutrition　蛋白质能量营养不良PCO syndrome:polycystic ovarian syndrome　多囊卵巢综合征PCP:Pneumocystis crinii pneumonia　卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎，卡氏肺囊虫肺炎PCR:polymerase chain reaction 　聚合酶链锁反应PCV:packed cell volume　血细胞压积（同HCT）PD:peritoneal dialysis　腹腔透析PDA:patent ductus arteriosus　动脉导管未闭PDGF:platelet-derived growth factor 　血小板源生长因子PDT:photodynamic therapy　光动力学治疗PE:physical examination　体格检查，体检PECT:positron emission computed tomography　正电子发射计算机断层成像PEEP:positive end-expiratory&&pressure　呼气终末正压给氧PEFR:peak expiratory flow rate　呼气高峰流量PEG:pneumoencephalography　气脑造影PET:positron emission tomography　正电子发射断层成像PFNA:percutaneons fine needle aspiration　经皮细针抽吸PG:prostaglandin　前列腺素PGI:prostacyclin　前列腺环素PGL:persistent generalized lymphadenopathy　持续性全身淋巴腺病（艾滋病）PGN:proliferative glomerulonephritis　增殖性肾小球肾炎PH:portal hypertension　门静脉高压PHA:passive hemagglutination　被动血细胞凝集作用PHC:primary health care　初级卫生保健Phe:phenylalanine　苯丙氨酸PI:phosphatidylinositol　磷脂酰肌醇PI:protective isolation(reverse isolation)　保护性隔离（反向隔离）PID:pelvic inflammatory disease　盆腔炎PIE:pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia　嗜酸细胞增多性肺浸润PIF:prolactin inhibiting factor　泌乳素抑制因子PIH:pregnancy-induced hypertension　妊娠高血压PIP:proximal interphalangeal　近端指（趾）间（关节）PIT:plasma iron transport rate　血浆铁周转率PKD:polycystic kidney disease　多囊性肾病PK reaction:Prausnitz-Kstner reaction　普库二氏反应（同PCA）PKU:phenylketonuria　苯丙酮尿症PM:polymyositis　多发性肌炎PMA:progressive mucular atrophy　进行性肌萎缩PML:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy　进行性多灶性脑白质病PMN:polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte　多形核嗜中性白细胞PMR:polymyalgia rheumatica　多发性风湿性肌痛PMS:premenstrual syndrome　经前综合征PMT:premenstrual tension　经前紧张症PMV:prolapse of mitral valve　二尖瓣脱垂PN:polyarteritis nodosa　结节性多动脉炎PNH:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 阵发性夜间血红蛋白尿PNS:partial nonprogressing stroke 非进行性部分中风PNS:peripheral nervous system　周围神经系统PNT:papulonecrotic tuberculid　丘疹坏死性结核疹P.O.:per os　经口POMC:pro-opiomelanocortin　内啡肽-促黑素－促皮质素前体POMR:problem-oriented medical record　以问题为中心的医案记录PP:pellagra preventive　抗糙皮病（因子）（即烟酰胺和烟酸）PP:periodic paralyses　周期性麻痹PP:pancreatic polypeptide　胰多肽PPD:purified protein derivative 纯蛋白衍化物（精制结核菌素）PPLO:pleuropneumonia-like organism　类胸膜肺炎微生物PR interval:PR间期（心电图）PRA:plasma renin activity　血浆肾素活性（同PRC）PRC:plasma renin concentration　血浆肾素浓度（同PRA）PRF:prolactin releasing factor　泌乳素释放因子PRIH:prolactin release-inhibiting hormone 泌乳素释放抑制激素PRIST:paper radio-immuno-sorbent test 试纸放射免疫吸附试验PRL:prolactin　泌乳素Pro:proline　脯氨酸PROM:premature rupture of the membrane　胎膜早破PRP:progesterone receptor protein　孕酮受体蛋白PRPP:phosphoribosy1 pyrophosphate　 焦磷酸磷酸核糖（合成嘌呤、嘧啶和辅酶＆的前体）PSA:psoriatic arthritis　银屑病关节炎PSE:portal-systemic encephalopathy　门－体循环性脑病PSGN:poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis 链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎PSP:phenolsulfonphthalein　酚磺肽，酚红PSS:progressive systemic sclerosis　进行性系统性硬化症PST:phthalylsulfathiazole　酞磺噻唑PS(V)T:paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia　阵发性室上性心动过速PT:prothrombin time　凝血酶原时间PTA:plasma thromboplastin antecedent(factorⅪ)　血浆凝血活酶前体（凝血因子Ⅺ）PTC:plasma thromboplastin component(factorⅨ )　血浆凝血活酶组分（凝血因子Ⅸ）PTC:percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram 　经皮肝穿刺胆道造影PTCA:percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty　经皮穿刺冠状动脉管腔内成形术PTH:parathyroid hormone　甲状旁腺素PTT:partial thromboplastin time 部分凝血活酶时间PTU:propylthiouracil　丙基硫氧嘧啶PV:plasma volume　血浆容积PV:polycythemia vera　真性红细胞增多症PVR:peripheral vascular resistance　周围血管阻力PWM:pokeweed mitogen　美洲商陆有丝分裂原PXE:pseudoxanthoma elasticum　弹性假黄瘤PZA:pyrazinamide　吡嗪酰胺（抗结核药）PZI:protamine zine insulin　鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素-q:long arm of chromosome 　染色体长臂:perfusion rate　肺血流灌注率Q fever:query fever　疑向热，Q热QRS complex:ventricular depolarization(ECG waves)　心室除极波（心电图）QT interval:&&QT间期（心电图）R:roentgen　伦琴（放射剂量单位）:rate of drug elimination　药物排泄率RA:rheumatoid arthritis 　类风湿性关节炎RA:refractory anemia　难治性贫血rad:radiation absorbed dose 拉德（放射吸收剂量）RAI:radioactive iodine uptake test　放射性碘摄取试验RANA:rheumatoid arthritis nuclear antigen 类风湿关节炎核抗原RAS:reticular activating system　网状激活系统RAS:renin-angiotensin system　肾素－血管紧张素系统RAS:renal artery stenosis　肾动脉狭窄RAST:radio-allergo-sorbent test 　放射－变应－吸附试验RAW:airway resistance　气道阻力RBC:red blood cell　红细胞RBF:renal blood flow　肾血流量RCC:renal cell carcinoma　肾细胞癌RDA:recommended daily allowance　推荐膳食需要量RDS:respiratory distress syndrome 呼吸窘迫综合征RE system:reticulo-endothelial system 网状内皮系统REF:renal erythropoietic factor　 肾生血因子（即EPO）REM:rapid eye movement　快眼动（睡眠）rem:roentgen equivalent of man　雷姆，人体伦琴当量（放射剂量当量）RF:rheumatic fever　风湿热RF:rheumatoid factor　类风湿因子RF:releasing factor　释放因子RFLP:restriction fragment length polymorphism 限制性内切片断长度多样性Rh:Rhesus group of red cell agglutinogen　猕猴血型RH:releasing hormone　释放激素RI:respiratory isolation　呼吸道隔离RIA:radioimmunoassay　放射免疫分析RIF:release inhibiting factor　释放抑制因子RIH:release inhibiting hormone　释放抑制因子RIND:reversible ischemic neurologic disability　可逆性缺血性神经系统病RIP:radioimmunoprecipitation　放射免疫沉淀RIST:radioimmunosorbent test　放射免疫吸附试验RLD:restrictive lung disease　限制性肺疾病RMP:rifampin　利福平（抗结核及抗麻风药）RNA:ribonucleic acid　核糖核酸RNP:ribonucleoprotein　核蛋白RPGN:rapidly progressive glomerulonephripis 急进性肾小球肾炎RPHA:revevse passive hemagglutination assay 反向被动血细胞凝集试验RPR:rapid plasma reagin　梅毒血浆反应素快速试验RQ:respiratory quotient　呼吸商RSV:respiratory syncytial virus　呼吸道合胞病毒RTA:renal tubular acidosis　肾小管性酸中毒RV:residual volume　残气容积RVT:renal vein thrombosis　肾静脉血栓形成S:serine　丝氨酸SA:sulfacetamide　磺胺醋酰SA node:sinoatrial node　窦房结SAH:subarachnoid hemorrhage　蜘蛛膜下腔出血SaO:arterial oxygen saturation　动脉血氧饱和度SAS:sleep apnea syndrome　睡眠呼吸暂停综合征SBE:subacute bacterial endocarditis 　亚急性细菌性心内膜炎SBT:serum bactericidal titer　血清杀菌滴度SC:subcutaneons　皮下SCC:spinal cord compression　脊髓压迫症SCD:sudden cardiac death　心源猝死SCID:severe combined immunodeficiency disease 　严重联合免疫缺陷病SD:sulfadiazine　磺胺嘧啶SD:streptodornase　链道酶SDA:specific dynamic action　特殊动力作用SD-Ag:sulfadiazine silver　磺胺嘧啶银SDM:sulfadimoxine　磺胺二甲氧嘧啶SEP:somatosensory evoked potential　躯体感觉诱发电位Ser:serine　丝氨酸Sf:Svedberg unit of flotation 漂浮单位（超离心）SGA:small-for-gestational-age　小于胎龄（儿）SGOT:serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase　血清谷草转氨酶（同AST）SGPT:serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase　血清谷丙转氨酶（同ALT）SHb:sulfhemoglobin　硫化血红蛋白SHBG:sex hormone binding globulin 性激素结合球蛋白SI:strict isolation　严密隔离SIADH:syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion　抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征SIDS:sudden infant death syndrome 婴儿猝死综合征SIG:specific immune serum globulin　特异性免疫血清球蛋白SIZ:sulfisoxazole　磺胺异唑SK:streptokinase　链激酶SL:sublingual　舌下SLE:systemic lupus erythromatosus 系统性红斑狼疮SM:streptomycin　链霉素SM:sulfadimidine　磺胺二甲嘧啶SMD:sulfamethoxydiazine 　磺胺甲氧嘧啶SML:sulfamylon　甲磺灭脓SMC:somatomedin C　生长介素CSMC:smooth muscle cell　平滑肌细胞SMZ:sulfamethoxazole　磺胺甲基异唑SOD:superoxide dismutase　超氧化物歧化酶SP:systolic pressure　收缩压SPCA:serum prothrombin conversion accelerator 　血清凝血酶原转化加速因子（凝血因子）SPECT:single photon emission computed tomography单光子发射计算机断层成像SRIF:somatotropin release inhibiting factor 　生长激素释放抑制因子（同SS）SRS-A:slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis　过敏反应慢反应物质（即LT-C、D&E）SRT:speech reception theshold　言语接受阈SS Somatostatin　生长抑素（同SRIF）SS:sickle cell anemia　镰状细胞贫血SS:Sjgren's syndrome 舍格伦氏综合征SS:systemic sclerosis　系统性硬皮病SSPE:subacute sclerosing panencephalitis　亚急性硬化性全脑炎SSS:sick sinus syndrome　病态窦房结综合征SSSS:staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征STD:sexually transmitted disease　性传播疾病STS:serologic test(s)for syphilis　梅毒血清试验SV:stroke volume　每搏输出量Sv:sievert　希沃特（放射剂量当量）SVC syndrome:superior vena cava syndrome　上腔静脉综合征SW:stroke work　每搏功T:tetanus toxoid　破伤风类毒素T:ventricular repolarizatioe (ECG wave) 心室复极波（心电图）T3:triiodothyronine　三碘甲腺原氨酸T4:thyroxine，tetraiodothyronine　甲状腺素，四碘甲腺原氨酸TA:stansplantation antigen　移植抗原TAA:tumor-associated antigen　肿瘤相关抗原TB:tuberculosis　结核病TBE:tick-borne encephalitis　蜱传脑炎TBG:thyroxine-binding globulin　甲状腺素结合球蛋白TBI:total body irradiation　全身照射TBM:tubular basement membrane　肾小管基底膜TBPA:thyroxine-binding prealbumin 甲状腺素结合前白蛋白TC:total cholesterol　总胆固醇TCA cycle:tricarboxylic acid cycle　三羧酸循环TCA:tricyclic antidepressant　三环类抗抑郁药TCC:transitional cell cencer　移行细胞癌T cell:thymus-derived lymphocyte　胸腺源淋巴细胞TCGF:T cell growth factor　T细胞生长因子TEF:thermic effect of food　食物热效应TF:transfer factor　转移因子TG:triglyceride　甘油三酯Tg:thyroglobulin　甲腺球蛋白6-TG:6-thioguanine　6-硫鸟嘌呤（抗癌药）T:helper T cell　辅助性T细胞Thr:threonine　苏氨酸TIA:transient ischemic attack　短暂性脑缺血发作TIBC:total iron binding capacity　总铁结合力TIN:tubulointerstitial nephritis　肾小管间质性肾炎TK:thymidine kinase　胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶TL:tuberculoid leprosy　结核样型麻风TLC:total lung capacity　肺总量TLI:total lymphoid irradiation　全身淋巴照射TMJ:temporomandibular joint disorders 颞下颌关节紊乱TMP:trimethoprim　甲氧苄氨嘧啶（抗菌增效剂）TMS:TMP/SMZ　复方新诺明TMF-:tumor necrosis factor　肿瘤坏死因子TNM:tumor，node，metastasis “肿瘤-淋巴结-转移”癌症分期系统TPA:tissue plasminogen activator　组织型纤溶酶原激活剂TPHA:Treponem pllidum hemagglutination assay梅毒螺旋体血细胞凝集测验TPI:Treponem pllidum&&immobilization　梅毒螺旋体制动反应TPN:total parenteral nutrition　完全肠道外营养TPN:triphosphopyridine nucleotide 三磷酸吡啶核苷酸（同NADP，即辅酶）TPP:thiamine pyrophosphate　焦磷酸硫胺TRH:thyrotropin-releasing hormone 促甲状腺激素释放激素TrIC:trachoma inclusion conjuntivitis 沙眼包涵体结合膜炎（因子）tRNA:transfer RNA　转移核糖核酸Trp(Try):tryptophan　色氨酸Ts:suppressor T cells　抑制性T细胞TSA:tumor-specific antigens　肿瘤特异性抗原TSF thickness:triceps skinfold thickness　三头肌皮褶厚度TSH:thyroid-stimulating hormone　促甲状腺激素TSI:thyoid-stimulating immunoglobulin 促甲状腺免疫球蛋白TSS:toxic shock syndrome　中毒性休克综合征TT:thrombin time　凝血酶时间TTT:thymol turbidity test　麝香草酚浊度试验TTP:thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 血栓性血小板减少性紫癜TU:tuberculin unit　结核菌素单位TURP:transurethral resection of prostate　经尿道前列腺切除TV:tidal volume　潮气容积TX:thromboxane　血栓素，凝血烷TA:thromboxaneA　血栓素ATtyrosine　酪氨酸UAO:upper airway obstructin　上呼吸道阻塞UC:ulcerative colitis　溃疡性结肠炎UCTS:undifferentiated connective tissue syndrome未分化结缔组织综合征URI:upper respiratory infection　上呼吸道感染US:ultrasonography　超声检查US:ultrasound　超声 UTI:urinary tract infection　泌尿道感染UTO:urinary tract obstruction　泌尿道梗阻V:unipolar chest electrocardiographic lead　单极胸前导联:ventilation rate　肺通气量:alveolar ventilation　肺泡通气量Val:valine　缬氨酸VC:vital capacity　肺活量VCA:viral capsid antigen　病毒衣壳抗原VCG:vector cardiogram　向量心电图VD:venereal disease　性病，花柳病Vd:apparent volume　表观分布容积VDRL test:Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test　性病研究室玻片试验VE:venereal exposure　冶游史VEP:visual evoked potential　视觉诱发电位V:variable domain of heavy chain 重链可变区（免疫球蛋白）VIP:vasoactive intestinal peptide　舒血管肠肽VIPoma:&&舒血管肠肽瘤Vit:vitamine　维生素V:variable domain of light chain&&轻链可变区(免疫球蛋白）VICD:very low calorie diet　极低热量膳食VLDL:very low density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白VLM:visceral larva migrans　内脏虫蚴移行症VMA:vanillylmandelic acid　香草扁桃酸(肾上腺素代谢产物)O:Ocomsumption　氧消耗量VOD:veno-occlusive disease　静脉阻塞性疾病VPB:ventricular premature beat　室性早搏VSD:ventricular septal defect　室间隔缺损VT:ventricular tachycardia　室性心动过速VWD:von Willebrand disease　冯?维勒布兰德氏病VWF:von Willebrand factor　 冯?维勒布兰德氏因子（凝血因子相关蛋白）VZV:varicella-zoster virus　水痘－带状疱疹病毒/:mismatch　通气/血流比例失调/scan:ventilation-perfusion lung scan 肺通气－灌注功能显像WB:whole blood　全血WBC:white blood cell　白细胞WDHA:watery diarrhea，hypokalemia，achlohydric　水泻－低血钾－无胃酸（综合征）W/H:weight for height　身高相关体重WHO:World Health Organization　世界卫生组织AT:&&-抗胰蛋白酶(error):type 1 error(false-positive conclusion)　一型错误（假阳性结论）β(error):type 2 error(false-negative conclusion)　二型错误（假阴性结论）
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