Light reflected from colored mulches affects aroma and phenol content of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves.
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):1331-5.Light reflected from colored mulches affects aroma and phenol content of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves.1, .1Coastal Plains Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC , USA.AbstractBasil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an herb the leaves of which are used to add a distinct aroma and flavor to food. It was hypothesized that the size and chemical composition of sun-grown basil leaves could be influenced by the color of light reflected from the soil surface and by the action of the reflected light through the natural growth regulatory system within the growing plants. Leaf morphology, aroma compounds, and soluble phenolics were compared in basil that had been grown over six colors of polyethylene row covers. Altering the ratios of blue, red, and far-red light reflected to growing plants influenced both leaf morphology and chemistry. Leaves developing over red surfaces had greater area, moisture percentage (succulence), and fresh weight than those developing over black surfaces. Basil grown over yellow and green surfaces produced significantly higher concentrations of aroma compounds than did basil grown over white and blue covers. Leaves grown over yellow and green mulches also contained significantly higher concentrations of phenolics than those grown over the other colors. Clearly, the wavelengths (color) of light reflected to growing basil plants affected leaf size, aroma, and concentrations of soluble phenolics, some of which are antioxidants.PMID:
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External link. Please review our .Developmental pattern of aquaporin expression in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves.
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):4127-42. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err175. Epub
2011 Jul 6.Developmental pattern of aquaporin expression in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves.1, , , , , .1UCD School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.AbstractAquaporins are multifunctional membrane channels which belong to the family of major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) and are best known for their ability to facilitate the movement of water. In the present study, earlier results from microarray experiments were followed up. These experiments had suggested that, in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), aquaporin family members are expressed in distinct patterns during leaf development. Real-time PCR and in situ hybridization were used to analyse the level and tissue-distribution of expression of candidate aquaporins, focusing on plasma membrane and tonoplast intrinsic proteins (PIPs, TIPs). Water channel function of seven aquaporins, whose transcripts were the most abundant and the most variable, was tested through expression in yeast and, in part, through expression in oocytes. All PIP1 and PIP2 subfamily members changed in expression during leaf development, with expression being much higher or lower in growing compared with mature tissue. The same applied to those TIPs which were expressed at detectable levels. Specific roles during leaf development are proposed for particular aquaporins.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC3153690 Leaf regions analysed in the present study. Leaf samples were taken from up to three developmental zones along the elongating leaf three of barley, the elongation zone (EZ), the non-elongation zone (NEZ) and the emerged blade (EmBL). In addition, a leaf sample was taken from the mature blade and from midway along the sheath of leaf two. Leaf samples consisted of 2-cm-long segments which were taken from the centre region of the respective zone. For qPCR analyses of the elongation zone of leaf three, the younger leaf four which was wrapped within this region was removed.J Exp Bot. ):.Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of barley major intrinsic proteins (MIPs). Barley MIP protein sequences were aligned with MIPs of Arabidopsis, maize, and rice using ClustalW. Barley MIPs analysed are highlighted. Annotations and protein sequences are given in Supplementary File S2 at JXB online. Concerning HvNIP2;1, Fig. 2 refers to the gene annotated first (accession number BA166444) and not to the gene referred to by Schnurbusch et al. (2010) as a boron transporter (HvNIP2;1). The latter gene is identical in sequence to the silicon transporter (HvLsi1, shown) reported by Chiba et al. (2009). HvSIP2;1 only a partial sequence is known, which shows the highest homology to AtSIP2;1 among Arabidopsis SIPs. The distance scale represents the evolutionary distance, expressed as the number of substitutions per amino acid. The figures displayed on the main nodes reflect the posterior probability.J Exp Bot. ):.Real-time (qPCR) expression analyses of major intrinsic proteins in leaf regions of barley. The elongation zone (EZ), adjacent non-elongation zone (NEZ), and emerged-blade portion (EmBL) of the growing leaf three were analysed, together with the blade and sheath of the mature leaf two (L2 and Sh, respectively). (A, B, C, D) Values of relative expression show how many times higher or lower the expression of a candidate gene was compared with that of the reference genes (ubiquitin, H+-ATPase, HvSIP2;1), using the 2–(ΔCt) method. (E) Total expression of the PIP1 and PIP2 subfamily, together with (F) ratio of expression. Results are averages ±SD (error bars) of three experiments. Statistical significance of difference in expression between leaf regions is summarised in Supplementary File S4 at JXB online.J Exp Bot. ):.The percentage contribution of individual family members to total expression of PIP1s, PIP2s, and TIPs in leaf regions of barley. Data were calculated from the expression values shown in Fig. 3. The TIPs analysed should represent the bulk of expression of TIPs (Alexandersson et al., 2005; Sakurai et al., 2005). HvTIP2;1, HvTIP2;2, HvTIP3;1, and HvTIP5;1 together accounted for less than 1% of the expression of TIPs and are not included in the pie charts. Numbers give the mean percentage contribution calculated from three experiments. Standard deviations are given in Supplementary File S4 at JXB online.J Exp Bot. ):.Test of water channel function of selected barley MIPs through expression in yeast and subsequent swelling assays of isolated spheroplasts. (A) Swelling kinetics of a representative batch of spheroplasts. Each curve is the average of 10–20 swelling kinetics, fitted with two-exponential equations. Control spheroplasts were isolated from yeast which had been transformed with the empty vector used for transformation (pYeDP60u, negative control) or with an Arabidopsis MIP (AtTIP1;2) known to show water channel activity (positive control). (B) Rate constants of water flow in spheroplasts. Results are averages ±SD (error bars) of the analysis of (n) kinetics as shown in (A): HvPIP2;5, (4); HvTIP1;1, (8); HvTIP2;3, (8), HvPIP2;2, (8); HvPIP2;7, (2, no error bar shown, values of 4.5 and 3.6 s-1); HvPIP1;2, (3); HvTIP1;2 (4); negative control, (3); and positive control (4). Rate constants of swelling of barley-MIP expressing spheroplasts were significantly higher (P &0.001) than that of (negative) control spheroplasts containing the empty vector used for transformation.J Exp Bot. ):.Test of water channel function of HvPIP2;2 and HvPIP2;7 through transient (3 d) expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Results are means ±SD (error bars) of six (control) and eight (HvPIP2;2, HvPIP2;7) oocytes, analysed from one representative batch. Osmotic water permeability of oocytes expressing HvPIP2;2 or HvPIP2;7 was significantly higher (P &0.001) than that of water-injected (control) oocytes, as was the difference in water permeability between HvPIP2;2 and HvPIP2;7-expressing oocytes (P &0.001).J Exp Bot. ):.Tissue-specific expression of barley MIPs in leaf regions. (A) Scheme and micrograph of a cross-section of a mature blade, identifying tissues. (B) In situ hybridization data. Expression is shown as blue colour, and was detected using antisense probes of genes of interest. An antisense designed against 18S ribosomal RNA was used as positive control. A sense probe was tested for all genes as negative control and is shown representatively for ribosomal RNA. PBS, parenchy L3, Sh L2, scale bar=50 μm.J Exp Bot. ):.Subcellular localization of barley MIPs as studied through transient (2 d) expression in onion epidermis. Expression was viewed in epidermal peels using an Olympus FV1000 confocal laser scanning microscope. (A) Candidates genes fused to the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP); (B) Cytoplasm marker pSAT6-DsRed2-N1 (DsRED, red fluorescence) and pBIN20-plasma membrane-mCherry marker (pm mCherry, red fluorescence); (C) overlay of (A) and (B); (D) magnified parts of cells shown in (C); (E) transmitted light micrographs of cells shown in (A) to (D). Scale bar (A, B, C, E)=50 μm, Scale bar (D)=25 μm.J Exp Bot. ):.Casparian bands in the mestome sheath in different developmental regions of barley leaves. Cross-sections were stained with berberin-hemisulphate/toluidine blue and viewed under UV-light (Brundrett et al., 1988). Occurrence of Casparian bands (yellow fluorescence) is indicated by arrows. Xylem vessels showed autofluorescence. MX, PX, MSH, PH, phloem. Scale bar (A, C, E, G)=50 μm, scale bar (B, D, F, H)=25 μm.J Exp Bot. ):.Publication TypesMeSH TermsSubstancesFull Text SourcesOther Literature SourcesMolecular Biology Databases
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External link. Please review our .Natural fungicides from Ruta graveolens L. leaves, including a new quinolone alkaloid.
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2003 Feb 12;51(4):890-6.Natural fungicides from Ruta graveolens L. leaves, including a new quinolone alkaloid.1, , , , , , .1Department of Life Science, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Naples, Italy.AbstractBioassay-directed isolation of antifungal compounds from an ethyl acetate extract of Ruta graveolens leaves yielded two furanocoumarins, one quinoline alkaloid, and four quinolone alkaloids, including a novel compound, 1-methyl-2-[6'-(3' ',4' '-methylenedioxyphenyl)hexyl]-4-quinolone. The (1)H and (13)C NMR assignments of the new compound are reported. Antifungal activities of the isolated compounds, together with 7-hydroxycoumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxycoumarin, which are known to occur in Rutaceae species, were evaluated by bioautography and microbioassay. Four of the alkaloids had moderate activity against Colletotrichum species, including a benomyl-resistant C. acutatum. These compounds and the furanocoumarins 5- and 8-methoxypsoralen had moderate activity against Fusarium oxysporum. The novel quinolone alkaloid was highly active against Botrytis cinerea. Phomopsis species were much more sensitive to most of the compounds, with P. viticola being highly sensitive to all of the compounds.PMID:
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