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Nucleic acids are large polymeric acids with high molecular weight. There are two main types of nucleic acids, which are DNA and RNA. Both consist of long chains of repeating &nucleotides, which are basically, a nitrogen base attached to a sugar phosphate. The difference between the DNA and RNA lies in the function of nucleic acids, their structure, and the number of chains. In DNA molecules, which always consist of two chains coiling in a double helix, the nitrogen bases constituting one chain are linked to corresponding bases of the other chain by hydrogen bonds. RNA molecules, on the other hand, usually have just one chain, but complementary bases within the single strand still may pair with each other, which leads to RNA molecules forming different structures. Most people know that DNA is responsible for storing hereditary information. Nevertheless, DNA also contains information for producing proteins, and RNA is divided into three types: Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA.) Each type of DNA has different functions.The best-known function of nucleic acids, heredity is a mechanism by which traits are passed from parents to offspring. DNA is a molecule that makes this mechanism possible. It ensures that biological information is copied correctly each time a cell divides into two daughter cells. This happens because when a cell divides, the double stranded DNA helix is unwound into two separate strands to serve as a template to replicate DNA bases. This process makes sure that each daughter cell will have traits of parent cell, which lets it perform its functions as part of the body.One of the functions of nucleic acids is production of proteins. There are twenty different kinds of amino acids, which means a huge variety of proteins can be produced from them. RNA and DNA ensure that proteins, which are needed for proper functioning of the body, are produced in proper amounts. This is a very complex process, which involves several steps. First, DNA, which holds the code for proteins, gives the protein blueprint to the messenger RNA (mRNA.) Messenger RNA then carries this blueprint to the ribosomes, which consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA.) After that, transfer RNA (tRNA) carries the amino acids needed to make the protein to the ribosome, and finally the protein molecule is synthesized. Protein production was long thought to be the only function of RNA, but recent studies show that it is not the case.A recently discovered function of nucleic acids, gene regulation is done by a group of molecules known as small regulatory RNA (sRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and micro RNA (miRNA). Small regulatory RNA play an important role in gene regulation via RNA splicing. Micro RNA is able to inhibit protein translation, thus repressing gene expression. Small interfering RNA is thought to have evolved as a way to protect the organism from double-stranded RNA viruses. SiRNA can form part of complexes that inhibit transcription of an mRNA molecule, which has a sequence complementary to its RNA component.Nucleic acids that perform catalytic functions are RNAs called ribozymes. Ribozymes are relatively rare, but they fulfill some very important functions. Replication, mRNA processing, and splicing are the processes which ribozymes influence. An interesting fact is that while ribozymes are more efficient in vivo, they can also act without additional protein components.DNA is a molecule, which is most famous for passing on hereditary information. However, its functions are not limited to that. It also participates in protein synthesis, which is a major function of nucleic acids. RNA, once thought to only play a role in creation of protein, have recently entered the spotlight thanks to their new-found functions, catalysis and gene regulation being the most prominent. Now it's known that not only DNA is responsible for manifestation of genes. RNA plays a huge role in it too.A type of nucleic acid known as DNA was considered the chief molecule responsible for manifestation of genes. However, it's not the only actor in this field. RNA, once thought to function exclusively in production of proteins, is now known to influence gene manifestation and many other processes.
Biology is the study of living organisms. Due to its vast nature, biology is divided into many different specialized fields. Some examples are marine biology, human biology, m&olecular biology, ecology, and even genetics. Regardless of which specialty a student is studying, there are many important biology terms that must be learned through reading about biology in class. Thus, knowing the definition of the most common biology terms is an important component of understanding biology and associated concepts.Throughout discussions about biology, students, professors, and professional biologists refer to the scientific method. The scientific method is the way in which scientists study the world around them. Moreover, the steps of the scientific method are designed in order to provide scientists with an in depth understanding of their particular field. In fact, it is a rational and logical process that brings scientists from their initial question to a likely conclusion.The term 'hypothesis' is used throughout the many fields of science, and it has an important meaning in terms of the study of biology. A hypothesis is an idea that is developed based on observations of the world, and a hypothesis needs to be grounded in science. However, it does not need to be supported by scientific fact.In terms of science, a theory is a flexible guideline. It is developed based on observation and experiments, and it can be modified when new evidence is introduced to the field.In biology, a law is a rule that has been tested and confirmed repeatedly. It can be applied to many different situations, and each time will result in a predictable outcome. Laws remain constant, despite the changing variables in the world.A scientific model is a concept that is only accurate under certain conditions. Scientific models do not apply to every situation or in all environments. Scientific models are supported by experiment and observation, but are not universal.Qualitative is a word that is used to describe a quality or characteristic which is considered to be an opinion and subjective based on observation. Qualitative laws or ideas cannot be proven by experiment or research. Making a statement such as, "The dog is ugly," is an example of a qualitative statement.Quantitative ideas, on the other hand, can be proven true or false. They can be supported or disproved by experiments. A statement such as, "The dog has four legs," is an example of a quantitative statement, as the description involves quantifying the object that was observed.Knowing the basic vocabulary and terminology of a specific field of science is an essential part of developing an understanding for the field. Without the knowledge of common biology terms, students cannot effectively learn what they need to know about biology. From an introductory education, through to professional development, the basic terms of biology are used by all students, teachers, and professionals.The word 'biology' is derived from two Greek words, 'bios', which means life, and 'logos' meaning study. Thus, biology is the study of various life forms, from tiny single cells and microorganisms to huge living creatures such as humans and animals.
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