字号：大 中 小
c, 拖拉机零部件应该都包括进去了吧
整车 Finished Automobile
轿车 Passenger Car
休旅车 Recreational Vehicle (RV)
小型商用车(3.5吨以下)
Light Duty Commercial Car
(Less Than 3.5 Tons)
大型商用车(3.5吨以上)
Heavy Duty Commercial Car
(More Than 3.5 Tons)
散装车 Bulk Truck
搅拌车 Mixer Truck
环境卫生车 Garbage Truck
液罐车 Refueling Truck
倾卸车 Dumper Truck
曳引车 Tractor Truck
消防车 Fire Fighting Truck
堆高机 Forklift
拖板车 Pallet Truck
运钞车 Armor Cash Carrier
冷气客车 Air-Conditioned Car
冷冻车 Freezer Car
拖车 Trailer
车体打造(改装) Car Body Building
(Refitting)
瓦斯车 LPG Car
底盘车 Chasis Truck
引擎零件 Engine Parts
引擎 Engine
引擎波司 Engine Bush
引擎修理包 Engine Gasket Kits
引擎零件 Engine Parts
凸轮轴 Camshaft
凸轮轴链轮 Sprocket Camshaft
皮带张力器 Tensioner
曲轴 Crankshaft
曲轴皮带盘 Crankshaft Pulley
曲轴轴承片 Crankshaft Bearing
汽门 Valve
汽门座 Valve Seat
汽门摇臂 Valve Arm
汽门摇臂盖 Rocker Cover
汽门弹簧 Valve Spring
汽门导管 Valve Guide
汽缸头(盖) Cylinder Head
汽缸衬套 Cylinder Liner
汽缸体 Cylinder Block
波司垫片 Washer
活塞 Piston
活塞肖 Piston Pin
活塞环 Piston Ring
活塞衬套 Piston Liner
飞轮 Flywheel
飞轮环齿轮 Ring Gear of Flywheel
时规炼条/皮带 Timing Chain/Belt
连杆 Connecting Rod
连杆轴承片 Connecting Rod Bearing
摇臂轴 Rocker Arm Shaft
汽门锁 Valve Cotter
止推垫片 Thrust Washer
共鸣箱 Resonator
喷油嘴 Injection Nozzle
燃料系统 Fueling System
油箱 Fuel Tank
油箱浮筒 Gauge Fuel Tank
空气滤清器 Air Cleaner
空气滤清器盖 Air Cleaner Cover
空气滤清器导管 Air Intake Tube
空气滤蕊 Air Cleaner Element
消音器 Exhaust Muffler
排气歧管 Exhaust Manifold
排气管 Exhaust Pipe
进气歧管 Intake Manifold
节流阀 Throttle Valve
燃油管 Fuel Pipe
燃油帮浦 Fuel Pump
燃油滤清器 Fuel Filter
触媒转化器 Catalytic Converter
柴油车黑烟净化器 Diesel Particulate Filter
时规炼条/皮带外盖 Timing Chain/Belt Cover
燃料系统 Fueling System
废气回收管 EGR Tube
冷却系统 Cooling System
水箱 Radiator
水管 Water Hose
水箱水管 Radiator Hose
水帮浦 Water Pump
水箱风扇 Radiator Fan
副水箱 Auxiliary Radiator
节温器 Thermostat
调节器 Regulator
水箱支架 Radiator Mounting
冷却系统 Cooling System
A/C风扇 A/C Fan
润滑系统 Lubrication System
油底壳 Oil Pan
自排车用滤油器 Oil Filter for Automatic
Transmission
机油尺 Oil Level Gauge
机油帮浦 Oil Pump
机油滤清器 Oil Filter
机油滤网 Oil Strainer
润滑系统 Lubrication System
机油尺导管 Oil Level Gauge Tube
空调系统 Air-conditioning System
冷气总成 A/C Assembly
冷气配管 A/C Hose
冷气导风管 A/C Duct
冷气压缩机 A/C Compressor
冷凝器 A/C Condenser
暖气总成 Heater Assembly
鼓风机 Blower Assembly
蒸发器 Evaporator
冷媒管 A/C Pipe
储液瓶 A/C Receiver
空调相关零件 A/C Related Components
空气清净机 Air Purifier
空调滤网 A/C Filter
空调系统 Air-conditioning System
提速器 Actuator
车身钣金件 Body & Stamping Parts
引擎支撑 Engine Mounting
引擎盖 Engine Hood
车身 Car Body
车门 Door Panel
车顶板 Roof
底盘及其另件 Chassis and Related Parts
底盘车架 Frame
保险杆 Bumper
钣金件 Stamping Parts
叶子板 Fender
横梁 Cross Member
行李箱盖 Trunk Lid
车柱 Pillar
车身钣金件 Body & Stamping Parts
支架 Bracket
补强板 Reinforcement Plate
底盘系统 Chassis System
下臂 Lower Arm
上臂 Upper Arm
手刹车拉柄 Parking Brake Lever
支柱总成 Strut Assembly
方向盘 Steering Wheel
比例阀 Proportional Valve
主轴、副轴 Mainshaft / Countershaft
平衡杆 Stabilizer Bar
扭力杆 Torsion Bar
刹车分泵 Brake Cylinder
刹车来令片 Brake Lining Shoe
刹车油管(软) Brake Hose
刹车油管(硬) Brake Tube
刹车真空倍力器 Brake Vacuum Booster
刹车总泵 Brake Master Cylinder
后轴总成 Rear Axle Assembly
动力方向系统 Power Steering System
动力转向油管 Power Steering Hose
动力转向帮浦 Power Steering Pump
控制拉线 Control Cable
排档杆 Shift Lever
排档头 Knob
球形接头 Ball Joint
等速接头 C.V. Joint
传动轴 Propeller Shaft
叶片弹簧 Leaf Spring
鼓、碟式刹车器 Drum / Disc Brake Assembly
鼓式刹车盘 Brake Drum
碟式刹车盘 Brake Disc
辅助气囊 Air Bag
踏板 Pedal
横拉杆接头 Tie-Rod End
螺旋弹簧 Coil Spring
避震器 Shock Absorber
转向连杆 Steering Linkage
转向节臂 Knuckle
转向齿轮箱 Steering Gear Box
转向机柱 Steering Column
转向总成 Steering Assembly
离合器分泵 Clutch Cylinder
离合器片 Clutch Disc
离合器外壳 Clutch Case
离合器总成 Clutch Assembly
离合器总泵 Clutch Master Cylinder
离合器释放轴承 Clutch Release Bearing
变速箱 Transmission Box
变速箱外壳 Transmission Case
曳力杆 Trailing Arm
避震器前后活塞杆 Piston Rod of Front and Rear
Shock Absorber
底盘系统 Chassis System
自排变速箱修理包 Automatic Transmission
Gasket Kits
齿条 Gear Rack
刹车真空管 Brake Boost Vacuum Tube
车轮系统 Wheeling System
轮毂 Wheel Hub
轮胎汽门嘴 Tire Valve
中文产品名称
英文产品名称
轮圈 Wheel Disk
轮圈盖 Wheel Cover
内胎(含内衬) Inner Tire (Flap)
车轮系统 Wheeling System
电装品 Electrical Parts
电瓶 Battery
中央门控 Central Door Lock
分电盘 Distributor
火星塞 Spark Plug
汽车用电子钟 Digital Clock
汽车音响 Car Audio
防盗器 Car Burglar Alarm
雨刷及雨刷连杆 Wiper / Linkage
保险丝座 Fuse Seat
保险丝 Fuse
洗涤壶 Windshield Washer
配线 Wire Harness
马达类 Motor
高压线组 Ignition Cable
发电机(零件) Alternator (Components)
开关类 Switch
蜂鸣器 Buzzer
预热塞 Glow Plug
仪表 Combination Meter
点火线圈 Ignition Coil
继电器 Relay
倒车雷达 Reverse Sensor
电池充电器 Battery Charger
闪光器 Flasher
省电器 Energy Saving Unit
端子 Terminal
电动座椅装置 Power Seat Unit
马达零件 Motor Components
电装品 Electrical Parts
汽车用光盘 Car CD
汽车用液晶显示器 Car LCD
调整器 Regulator
整流器 Rectifier
电子点火器 Ignition Module
倒车显示器 Rear View Display
定速器 Cruise Controller
HID车灯安定器组合 HID Ballast Complete Set for
Headlights
LED 灯 LED Lamp
车灯控制器 Lighting Controller
点火线圈模块 Ignition Coil Module
外装品 Exterior Parts
水箱饰罩 Radiator Grille
天线 Antenna
车身护条 Side Protector
防撞护垫 Bumper Pad
后视镜 Door Mirror
装饰贴纸、标志 Ornament Mark
轮弧 Fender Trim
挡泥板 Mud Guard
扰流板 Spoiler
前防撞杆 Guard Assy (Front)
后防撞杆 Grard Assy (Rear)
外装品 Exterior Parts
内装品 Interior Parts
仪表板 Instrument Panel
中央置物箱 Console
孔塞 Grommet Plug
地毯 Floor Mat
安全带 Seat Belt
车门扶手 Door Armrest
车门把手 Door Handle
车门锁 Door Lock
车顶内衬 Roof Lining
车窗升降摇柄 Window Lifter Handle
车窗升降机 Window Lifter
防水衬条 Weatherstrip
油量表 Fuel Gauge
门饰板 Door Trim
室内镜 Room Mirror
音响喇叭盖 Speaker Cover
(电动)座椅 (Electric) Seat
顶蓬 Headlining
烟灰缸 Ashtray
各类隔音垫 All Kinds of Silencer
饰板/饰条 Garnish / Trim
仪表饰板 Instrument Panel Garnish
遮阳板 Sunvisor
压条 Moulding
点烟器 Cigar Lighter
备胎板 Trim for Spare Tire
天窗 Sun Roof
后置物板 Rear Parcel Shelf
后舱室饰板 Rear Trunk Trim
内装品 Interior Parts
仪表板支架 Instrumental Panel Mounting
其它 Others
随车工具 Tools
千斤顶 Jack
尼龙绳、特多龙绳 Nylon Rope
生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & Painting
各类孔盖 Cap、Cover
扣具 Cargo Lash
夹片、管束 Clamp, Clip
油土与基准模型 Clay Model and Master Model
油封 Oil Seal
门铰链 Door Hinge
故障标志 Reflector
玻璃类 Glass
修理业 Repairing & Maintenance
粉末冶金 Powder Metallurgy
轴承 Bearing
塑料件 Plastic Parts
隔热材 Heat Insulator
电子件 Electrical Parts
垫片类 Seal、Gasket、Washer、Packing
碳刷 Carbon Brush
管类 Pipe, Hose, Tube
铜套类 Bushing
弹簧 Spring
模、夹、治、检具 Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking
橡胶件 Rubber Parts
帮浦类 Pump
螺帽/螺栓/螺丝 Nut/Bolt/Screw
锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)
滤清器类 Filter
镜类 Mirror
铸造件(加工) Casting Parts (Processing)
引擎盖铰链 Hinge of Engine Hood
行李箱铰链 Hinge of Trunk Lid
保险杆支撑 Mount of Bumper
CAD/CAM车身设计 CAD/CAM Car Body Design
汽车清洁保养用品 Cosmetics for Automobile
涂料 Paints
合成木材 Synthetic Wood
电磁阀 Solenoid Valve
热水阀 Heater Valve
冷煤电磁阀 Refrigerate Solenoid valve
玻璃滑槽 Glass Run
双面胶带 Acrylic Foam Tape
触媒转换器缓冲绵 Catalytic Converter Mate
黑烟过滤器 Diesel Particle Filter
车用灭火器 Extinguisher
零组件用材料 Components Materials
汽车用行动电话 Car Hand-free Mobile Phone
汽车保全系统 Car Security System
汽车导航系统 Car Navigation System
人造革 Artificial Leather
铭板 Nameplate
汽车用计算机 Car Computer
无线电胎压侦测仪 Wireless Tire Monitor
汽车内装用牛皮 Leather for Car Interior
打蜡机 Buffer (Car Polisher)
金属表面处理(材料) Metal Surface Treatment
(Material)
插接件 Connector Clip
胎压不足警示器 Tire Low Pressure Indicator
温度感应器 Water Temperature Sensor
油压感应器 Oil Pressure Sensor
机油 Engine Oil
中文产品名称
英文产品名称
自动变速箱油 Automatic Transmission Oil
油品添加剂 Oil Additive
热处理 Heat Treatment
自行车类 Bicycle
整车 Finished Bicycle
一般自行车 Regular Bicycle
三轮车 Tricycle
协力车 Tandem Bicycle
城市车 ATB
孩童车 Junveniles Bicycle
室内运动车(健身车) Exerciser
单轮车 Unicycle
无链式自行车 Chainless Bicycle
登山车 Mountain Bicycle
越野车 Trekking Bicycle
跑车（自由车） Racing Bicycle
电动自行车 Electrical Bicycle
折叠式自行车 Folding Bicycle
海滩车 Beach Bicycle
(电动)滑板车 (Electric) Kick Board
其它特种自行车 Other Special-purpose
避震脚踏车 Suspension Bicycle
传动件 Transmission
曲柄组 Chainwheel & Crank
飞轮 Flywheel
链条 Chain
变速杆 Shift Lever
变速器 Derailleur
电动自行车马达 Electric Bicycle Motor
电动自行车控制器 Electric Bicycle Driver
齿轮箱 Gear Box
车轮及刹车 Wheel and Brake
夹式刹车器 Caliper Brake
快拆 Quick Release
花鼓 Hub & Free Hub
液压式刹车器 Hydraulic Brake
脚刹车器 Coaster Brake
碟式刹车器 Disk Brake
辐条/辐帽 Spoke/Nipple
悬臂式刹车器 Cantilever Brake
控制拉线 Control Cable
刹车来令片 Brake Lining Shoe
配件 Accessories
反光片 Reflector
水壶架 Bottle Cage
打气筒 Floor Pump
***贴纸 Sticker
货架 Luggage Carrier
速度表 Speed Meter
电灯 Dynamo / Lighting Set
辅助轮 Training Wheel
挡泥板 Mud Guard / Fender
头盔 Helmet
链盖 Chain Cover
后视镜 Rear Mirror
车架 Frame
把手 Handle Bar
中轴组件（天心） Bottom Bracket Parts
车手带 Handle Strap
车头组件 Headset
前叉 Front Fork
前叉肩 Fork Crown
后叉端 Rear Fork End
座杆 Seat Post
座杆束 Seat Post Clamp
停车支架 Kickstand
接头 Lug & Shell
辅助把手 Bar End
螺帽/螺栓/螺丝 Nut/Bolt/Screw
避震前叉 Suspension Fork
避震器 Shock Absorber
三通管 3-way Pipe
五通管 5-way Pipe
车架材料 Frame Materials
其它 Others
座垫 Saddles
水壶架 Bottle Cage
夹器固定座 Pivot
定趾器 Toe Clip
闪光灯 Flasher
趾夹带 Toe Strap
把手套 Grip
塑料件 Plastic Parts
脚踏板 Pedal
碳刷 Carbon Brush
弹簧 Spring
轮圈盖 Wheel Cover
锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)
导线 Cable
模、夹、治、检具 Die,Fixture,Jig & Checking
橡胶件 Rubber Parts
生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & Painting
座垫套 Saddle Cover
涂料 Paints
充电器 Charger
温度记录器 Temperature Recorder
电池容量计 Battery Capacity Indicator
电动自行车电路设计Electric Bicycle Circuit
电动自行车电池组 Electric Bicycle Battery Set
机车类 Motorcycle
整车 Finished Motorcycle
50CC以下机车 Less Than 50CC Motorcycle
50~150CC机车 50~150CC Motorcycle
150CC以上机车 More Than 150CC Motorcycle
残障专用车 Motorcycle for Handicap
电动机车 Electric Motorcycle
其它电动辅助车辆 Other Electric Auxiliary
多功能休闲车 ATV
引擎零件 Engine Parts
汽缸 Cylinder
化油器 Carburetor
引擎 Engine
引擎零件 Engine Parts
引擎盖 Engine Cover
水箱 Radiator
火星塞 Spark Plug
凸轮轴 Camshaft
凸轮轴链条 Cam Chain
凸轮链条张力器 Cam Chain Tensioner
曲轴 Crankshaft
曲轴箱 Crankcase
曲轴箱盖 Crankcase Cover
汽门 Valve
汽门座 Valve Seat
汽门导管 Valve Guide
汽缸头 Cylinder Head
汽缸头侧盖 Cylinder Head Side Cover
油帮浦 Oil Pump
后轮驱动座 Rear Wheel Drive Seat
活塞 Piston
活塞肖 Piston Pin
活塞环 Piston Ring
连杆 Connecting Rod
涡轮增压器 Turbo-Supercharger
脚踏起动机杆 Kick Starter
齿轮变速零件 Gear Shift Parts
机油冷却器 Oil Cooler
离合器 Clutch
离合器座 Clutch Plate
离合器杆 Clutch Lever
变速箱 Transmission Box
油管 Fuel Pipe
汽门锁 Valve Cotter
火星塞盖 Plug Cover
齿轮衬套 Gear Bushing
曲轴肖 Crank Shaft Pin
炼条调整器 Tensioner
节流阀 Throttle Valve
离合器来令片 Clutch Lining
齿轮轴 Gear Axle
马达轴 Motor Axle
传动轴 Transmission Axle
车体及电装 Body and Electrical Parts
C.D.I.总成 C.D.I. Unit Assembly
中心盖 Center Cover
反光片 Reflector
引擎罩盖 Air Shroud / Cylinder
方向把手 Steering Handle
主滑动模轮组件 Primary Sheave Assembly
主脚架 Main Stand
交流发电机(零件) A.C. Generator (Components)
行李箱 Luggage Box
冷却风扇 Cooling Fan
把手盖 Handle Cover
车架 Frame
车体盖 Body Cover
拉杆 Handle Lever
油杯 Fuel Cup Assembly
油箱 Fuel Tank
空气滤清器 Air Cleaner
刹车来令片 Brake Shoe
刹车鼓 Brake Drum
刹车盘 Brake Disk
刹车踏板 Brake Pedal
刹车总成 Brake Assembly
前叉 Front Fork
前叉顶梁 Fork Top Bridge
前护盖 Front Fender
后视镜 Back Mirror
后悬吊系统 Rear Suspension
风扇盖 Air Shroud
飞轮 Flywheel
侧脚架 Side Stand
侧盖 Side Cover
排气消音器 Exhaust Muffler
后架 Carrier
无段自动变速系统 C.V.T.
发电机 Alternator
传动轴总成 Secondary Sheave Assembly
摇臂 Rocker Arm
煞车踏板 Brake Pedal
节流把手 Throttle Grip
脚踏板 Board / Footrest
脚踏杆 Kick Crank Assembly
电圈 Starter
电瓶 Battery
配线 Wire Harness
碳刷 Carbon Brush
仪表 Meter
调整器 Regulator
轮圈 Wheel Disk
轮毂 Wheel Hub
导线 Cable
挡泥板 Fender
机车链轮 Chain
燃油滤清器 Fuel Strainer Assembly
避震器 Shock Absorber
点火线圈 Ignition Coil
转向主干 Steering Stem Comp
链条 Chain
链条盖 Chain Case
继电器 Relay
触媒转化器 Catalytic Converter
排气管 Exhaust Pipe
吊架 Hanger
控制拉线 Control Cable
活性碳罐 Canister
油箱浮筒 Tank Float
机油浮筒 Oil Float
档位调整器 Gear Position Indicator
端子 Terminal
电动机车控制器 Electric Motorcycle Driver
把手座 Grip Holder
马达类 Motor
马达零件 Motor Components
避震器前后活塞杆 Piston Rod of Front and Rear
Shock Absorber
其它 Others
油封 Oil Seal
舌簧阀 Reed Valve
钣金件 Stamping Parts
防盗器 Burglar Alarm
闪光器 Flasher
贴纸 Sticker
轴承 Bearing
开关类 Switch
塑料件 Plastic Parts
电子件 Electrical Parts
垫片 Gasket
管类 Tube or Pipe
弹簧 Spring
模、夹、治、检具 Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking
辐条/辐帽 Spoke/Nipple
橡胶件 Rubber Parts
帮浦类 Pump
螺帽/螺栓/螺丝 Nut/Bolt/Screw
锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)
滤清器 Filter
铸造件(加工) Casting Parts (Processing)
生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & Painting
铭板 Name Plate
油土及基准模型 Clay Model and Master Model
地毯 Carpet
涂料 Paints
置物袋 Carriage Bag
机车座垫用牛皮 Leather for Motorcycle Seat
铁路车辆类 Railroad Vehicle
铁路车辆制造及修理 Railroad Vehicle Manufacture
铁路车辆零件 Railroad Vehicle Parts
铁路扣夹 Clip for Railroad
ALTERNATOR ASSY
交流发电机总成
ARMATURE SET
BEARING REAR
起动机启轴承
BOX ASSY FUSE
保险丝盒总成
BRACE ALTERNATOR
发电机调节杆件
BRACKET ASSY REAR
发电机后端盖总成
BRACKET REAR
起动机后端盖
BRACKET ASSY TRONT
起动机前端盖
BOARD PRINTED
仪表印刷电路
BLADE ASSY
雨刮片总成
CASE METER
CABLE ASSY HIGH
中心高压线总成
CABlE SET SPARK PLUG
高压线总成
分电器凸轮
分电器盖总成
CLUTCH OVER RUNNING
啮合器总成
CLOCK DIGITAl
CONTROLLER SUB ASSY
真空点火提前装置
COIl ASSY IGNITION
点火线圈总成
DISTRIBUTOR ASSY
分电器总成
FLASHER UNIT HAZARD
转向灯闪光器
GAUGE TEMP
分电器传动齿轮
GIASS METER
HEADLAMP UNIT
UOUSING SUB ASSY
分电器外壳总成
IC REGUlATOR ASSY
集成电路调节器总成
IAMP ASSY HEAD
LAMP KIT FRONT TURN SIGNAL
转向灯总成
LAMP KIT FRONT COMBINATION
前小灯总成
LAMP KIT REAR COMB
LAMP KIT LICENSE
车牌灯总成
LENS TURN SIGNl LAMP
转向灯玻璃灯罩
LINK WIPER
雨刮器连杆
MOTOR WIPER
雨刮器电动机
MOTOR WASHER
清洗器电动机
PANEL INDICATOR
仪表指示灯面板
PANEL INSTRUMENT
PLUG SPARK
PULLEY ASSY
发电机皮带盘总成
RELAY POWE
雨刮器继电器
RELAY INTERMITTENT WIPER
电源继电器
RESISTOR ASSY
附加电阻总成
RELTIFIER ASSY
发电机整流器总成
ROTOR ASSY
分火头总成
RING RETAlNING
SPRING GOVERNOR
离心块弹簧
SPEEDOMETER
车速里程表
SOCKET BULB
起动机总成
SCREW SETTING
大灯调整螺钉
SWITCK COlUMN
灯光组合开关
SWITCH ASSY
电磁开关总成
SUPPORT ASSY ARM
断电器总成
STATOR ASSY
发电机转子总成
TANK WASHER
清洗器电动机
分电器引线
VAlVE P．C．V
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其他回答&&&&共 2 条
A tractor is a vehicle intended for drawing, towing, pushing or pulling something which cannot propel itself and, often, powering it too. Most commonly the word is used to describe a vehicle intended for pulling some other vehicle or object (see traction unit).
The word comes from the Latin trahere "to pull". A conflicting history of the name suggests that steam tractors were originally referred to as traction engines, with the word "tractor" eventually deriving from a contraction of 'traction' and 'motor'. [1]
Contents [hide]
1 National variations
2 Farm tractor
2.1 History
2.2 Operation
2.3 Power and transmission
2.4 Safety
2.5 Applications
2.6 Precision agriculture
3 Backhoe loader
4 Engineering tractors
5 EPA tractor
6 Other types of tractors
7 Other uses of the word Tractor
7.1 In aerospace
7.2 In computers
7.3 In downhole oil-well data logging
8 Manufacturers
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
[edit] National variations
In Britain, Australia, India, Spain and Poland the word "tractor" usually means "farm tractor", and the use of the word "tractor" to mean other types of vehicles is familiar to the vehicle trade but unfamiliar to much of the general public. In Canada and the US the word is also used to refer to a road tractor .
[edit] Farm tractor
A modern John Deere 8110 Farm Tractor plowing a field using a chisel plow.The most common use of the term is for the vehicles used on farms. The farm tractor is used for pulling or pushing agricultural machinery or trailers, for plowing, tilling, disking, harrowing, planting, and similar tasks.
[edit] History
The first powered farm implements in the early 1800s were portable engines C steam engines on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machinery by way of a flexible belt. Around 1850, the first traction engines were developed from these, and were widely adopted for agricultural use. Where soil conditions permitted, such as the US, steam tractors were used to direct-haul ploughs, but in the UK, ploughing engines were used for cable-hauled ploughing instead. Steam-powered agricultural engines remained in use well into the 20th century, until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed. [2]
In 1892, John Froelich built the first practical gasoline-powered tractor in Clayton County, Iowa. Only two were sold, and it was not until 1911, when the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company developed the design, that it became successful.
In Britain, the first recorded tractor sale was the oil-burning Hornsby-Ackroyd Patent Safety Oil Traction engine, in 1897. However, the first commercially successful design was Dan Albone's three-wheel Ivel tractor of 1902. In 1908, Saundersons of Bedford introduced a four-wheel design, and went on to become the largest tractor manufacturer outside the USA.
While unpopular at first, these gasoline-powered machines began to catch on in the 1910s as they became smaller and more affordable. Henry Ford introduced the Fordson, the first mass-produced tractor in 1917. They were built in the U.S., Ireland, England and Russia and by 1923, Fordson had 77% of the U.S. market. The Fordson dispensed with a frame, using the strength of the engine block to hold the machine together. By the 1920s, tractors with a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine had become the norm.
The classic farm tractor is a simple open vehicle, with two very large driving wheels on an axle below and slightly behind a single seat (the seat and steering wheel consequently are in the center), and the engine in front of the driver, with two steerable wheels below the engine compartment. This basic design has remained unchanged for a number of years, but enclosed cabs are fitted on almost all modern models, for reasons of operator safety and comfort.
There are also lawn tractors. Cub Cadet, Husqvarna, John Deere, Massey Ferguson and Toro are some of the better-known brands.
[edit] Operation
A small red tractor towing a cargo cartModern farm tractors usually have five foot-pedals for the operator on the floor of the tractor. The pedal on the left is the clutch. The operator presses on this pedal to disengage the transmission for either shifting gears or stopping the tractor. Two of the pedals on the right are the brakes. The left brake pedal stops the left rear wheel and the right brake pedal does the same with the right side. This independent left and right wheel braking augments the steering of the tractor when only the two rear wheels are driven. This is usually done when it is necessary to make a tight turn. The split brake pedal is also used in mud or soft dirt to control a tire that spins due to loss of traction. The operator presses both pedals together to stop the tractor. For tractors with additional front-wheel drive, this operation often engages the 4-wheel locking differential to help stop the tractor when travelling at road speeds.
A fifth pedal just in front of the seat operates the rear differential lock (diff lock) which prevents wheelslip. The differential allows the outside wheel to travel faster than the inside one during a turn. However, in traction conditions on a soft surface the same mechanism could allow one wheel to slip, thus preventing traction to the other wheel. The diff lock overides this, causing both wheels to supply equal traction. Care must be taken to unlock the differential, usually by hitting the pedal a second time, before turning, since the tractor cannot perform a turn with the diff lock engaged.
The pedal furthest to the right is the foot throttle. Unlike in automobiles, it can also be controlled from a hand-operated lever ("hand throttle"). This helps provide a constant speed in field work. It also helps provide continuous power for stationary tractors that are operating an implement by shaft or belt. The foot throttle gives the operator more automobile-like control over the speed of the tractor for road work. This is a feature of
older tractors often did not have this feature. In the UK it is mandatory to use the foot pedal to control engine speed while travelling on the road. Some tractors, especially those designed for row-crop work, have a 'de-accelerator' pedal, which operates in the reverse fashion to an automobile throttle, in that the pedal is pushed down to slow the engine. This is to allow fine control over the speed of the tractor when maneuvering at the end of crop rows in fields- the operating speed of the engine is set using the hand throttle, and if the operator wishes to slow the tractor to turn, he simply has to press the pedal, turn and release it once the turn is completed, rather than having to alter the setting of the hand throttle twice during the maneuver.
[edit] Power and transmission
Modern farm tractors employ large diesel engines, which range in power output from 18 to 575 horsepower (15 to 480 kW). Tractors can be generally classified as two-wheel drive, two-wheel drive with front wheel assist, four-wheel drive (often with articulated steering), or track tractors (with either two or four powered rubber tracks). Variations of the classic style include the diminutive lawn tractors and their more capable and ruggedly constructed cousins, garden tractors, that range from about 10 to 25 horsepower and are used for smaller farm tasks and mowing grass and landscaping. Their size―especially with modern tractors―and the slower speeds are reasons motorists are urged to use caution when encountering a tractor on the roads.
A PTO shaft plugged into a tractor.Most tractors have a means to transfer power to another machine such as a baler, slasher or mower. Early tractors used belts wrapped around pulleys to power stationary equipment. Modern tractors use a power take-off shaft (PTO) to provide rotary power to machinery that may be stationary or pulled. Almost all modern tractors can also provide external hydraulic fluid and electrical power.
Most farm tractors use a manual transmission. They have several sets of gear ratios divided into speeds. To change ratio it is usually necessary to stop the tractor. Between them they provide a range of speeds from less than one mile per hour suitable for working the land, up to about 25 miles per hour for road use. Furthermore it is usually not necessary to change gear in order to reverse, one simply selects a lever. Older tractors usually require that the operator depress the clutch in order to shift between gears (a limitation of straight-cut gears in the gearbox), but many modern tractors have eliminated this requirement with the introduction of technologies such as power shifting in the 1960's and more modern continuously variable transmissions. This allows the operator more and easier control over working speed than the throttle alone could provide.
Slow, controllable speeds are necessary for most operations that are performed with a tractor. They help give the farmer a larger degree of control in certain situations, such as field work. However, when travelling on public roads, the slow operating speeds can cause problems, such as long queues or tailbacks, which can delay or aggravate other road users. To alleviate conditions, some countries (for example the Netherlands) employ a road sign on some roads that means "no farm tractors". Some modern tractors, such as the JCB Fastrac, are now capable of much more tolerable road speeds of around 50 mph.
[edit] Safety
The classic Row Crop tractor (an Allis-Chalmer WD). Note the absence of any rollover protection system.Modern tractors have rollover protection systems (ROPS) to prevent an operator from being crushed if the tractor rolls over. This is especially important in open-air tractors, where the ROPS is a steel beam that extends above the operator's seat. For tractors with operator cabs, the ROPS is part of the frame of the cab. Before ROPS were required, some farmers died when their tractors rolled on top of them. Row-crop tractors, before ROPS, were particularly dangerous because of their 'tricycle' design with the two front wheels spaced close together and angled inward toward the ground. Some farmers were killed by rollovers while operating tractors along steep slopes. Others have been killed whilst attempting to tow or pull an excessive load from above axle height, or when cold weather caused the tires to freeze down, in both cases causing the tractor to pivot around the rear axle. ROPS were first required by legislation in New Zealand in the 1960s.
[edit] Applications
Farm implements can be attached to the rear of the tractor by either a drawbar or a three-point hitch. The three-point hitch was invented by Harry Ferguson and has been standard since the 1960s. Equipment attached to the three-point hitch can be raised or lowered hydraulically with a control lever. The equipment attached to the three-point hitch is usually completely supported by the tractor. Another way to attach an implement is via a Quick Hitch, which is attached to the three-point hitch. This enables a single person to attach an implement quicker and put the person in less danger when attaching the implement.
Some farm-type tractors are found elsewhere than on farms: with large universities' gardening departments, in public parks or for highway workman use with blowtorch cylinders strapped to its sides and a pneumatic drill air compressor permanently fastened over its power take-off. These are often fitted with grass tyres which are less damaging to soft surfaces than agricultural tyres.
[edit] Precision agriculture
Space technology has found its way into down to agriculture in the form of GPS devices, and robust on-board computers installed as optional features on farm tractors. These technologies are used in modern, precision farming techniques. The spin-offs from the space race have actually facilitated automation in plowing and the use of autosteer systems drone on tractors that are manned but only steered at the end of a row, the idea being to neither overlap and use more fuel nor leave streakes when performing jobs such as cultivating.
[edit] Backhoe loader
Main article: Backhoe loader
A common backhoe-loader. The backhoe is on the left, the bucket/blade on the right.The most common variation of the classic farm tractor is the hoe, also called a hoe-loader. As the name implies, it has a loader assembly on the front and a backhoe on the back. Backhoes attach to a 3 point hitch on farm or industrial tractors. Industrial tractors are often heavier in construction particularly with regards to the use of steel grill for protection from rocks and the use of construction tires. When the backhoe is permanently attached, the machine usually has a seat that can swivel to the rear to face the hoe controls. Removable backhoe attachments almost always have a separate seat on the attachment.
Backhoe-loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building materials, powering building equipment, digging holes, breaking asphalt and paving roads. Some buckets have a retractable bottom, enabling them to empty their load more quickly and efficiently. Buckets with retractable bottoms are also often used for grading and scratching off sand. The front assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools.
Their relatively small frame and precise control make backhoe-loaders very useful and common in urban engineering projects such as construction and repairs in areas too small for larger equipment. Their versatility and compact size makes them one of the most popular urban construction vehicles.
In the UK, the word "JCB" is sometimes used colloquially as a genericized trademark for any such type of engineering vehicle, JCB now appears in the Oxford English Dictionary, although it is still treated as a trademark. In some areas of North America a backhoes is often referred to as a 530 after the J. I. Case & Co. 530 Construction King tractor.
[edit] Engineering tractors
A tractor factory in Chelyabinsk in the Soviet Union circa 1930.The durability and engine power of tractors made them very suitable for engineering tasks. Tractors can be fitted with engineering tools such as dozer blade, bucket, hoe, ripper, and so on. The most common attachments for the front of a tractor are dozer blade or a bucket. When attached with engineering tools the tractor is called an engineering vehicle.
A bulldozer is a track-type tractor attached with blade in the front and a rope-winch behind. Bulldozers are very powerful tractors and have excellent ground-hold, as their main tasks are to push or drag things.
Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which are capable of working in ways that the original bulldozer can not. One example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for scooping up earth, rock and similar loose material to load it into trucks.
A front-loader or loader is a tractor with an engineering tool which consists of two hydraulic powered arms on either side of the front engine compartment and a tilting implement. This is usually a wide open box called a bucket but other common attachments are a pallet fork and a bale grappler.
Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making the machine smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited. There are also tiny wheeled loaders, officially called Skid-steer loaders but nicknamed "Bobcat" after the original manufacturer, which are particularly suited for small excavation projects in confined areas.
[edit] EPA tractor
A Ford rebuilt to an EPA tractor.
A Volvo Duett rebuilt to an EPA tractor. Obviously the intended use is no longer as a farm vehicle.
An "A tractor" based on Volvo 760. Notice the slow vehicle triangle and the longer boot.During World War II there was a shortage of tractors in Sweden and this led to the invention of a new type of tractor called the EPA tractor (EPA was a chain of discount stores and it was often used to signify something lacking in quality). An EPA tractor was simply an automobile, truck or lorry, with the passenger space was cut off behind the front seats, equipped with two gearboxes in a row. When done to an older car with a ladder frame, the result was not dissimilar to a tractor and could be used as one.
After the war it remained popular, now not as a farm vehicle, but as a way for young people without a driver's license to own something similar to a car. Since it was legally seen as a tractor it could be driven from 16 years of age and only required a tractor license. Eventually the legal loophole was closed and no new EPA tractors were allowed to be made, but the remaining were still legal, something that led to inflated prices and many protests from people that preferred EPA tractors to ordinary cars.
In March 31, 1975 a similar type of vehicle was introduced, the A tractor [from arbetstraktor (work tractor)]. The main difference is that an A tractor has a top speed of 30 km/h. This is usually done by fitting two gearboxes in a row and not using one of them. Volvo Duett was for a long time the primary choice for conversion to an EPA or A tractor, but, since supplies have dried up, other cars have been used, in most cases a Volvo.
[edit] Other types of tractors
The term tractor (US & Canada) or tractor unit (UK) is also applied to:
Road tractors or tractor units
Heavy-duty vehicles with large engines and several axles. These tractors are designed to pull long semi-trailers, most often for the transport of freight of some kind over a significant distance (see also semi-trailer truck). In England this type of "tractor" is often called an "artic cab".
Locomotive tractors (engines) or Rail car movers
The amalgamation of machines, electrical generators, controls and devices that comprise the traction component of railway vehicles
Artillery tractors
Vehicles used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights.
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